THE  LIBRARY 
OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


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A   COMPLETE   GUIDE 


TO  THE  ACQUISITION  OF 


yUmmi^  y\mtih  ^\pr{\}mih.  ^^^ 


WITHOUT  OR  WITH  A  TEACHER. 


<=<_   By  ELIAS  LONGLEY.     r^ 


CINCINNATI: 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  A  UTHOR. 

1879. 


■^ 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  iu  the 

year  1879, 

BY   ELIAS   LONGLEY, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at 

Washington,  D.  C. 


<eH- 


k 


jL 


TwEXTY-FiVE  years  have  elapsed  since  the  author  published 
his  first'  edition  of  the  Americax  Maxual  of  Phonogra- 
phy. During  that  time  many  changes  in  Phonography  have 
been  proposed;  some  have  been  adopted,  and  become  per- 
manent features  in  the  writing  of  nearly  all  phonographic 
experts;  while  others,  though  still  embodied  in  the  instruc- 
tion books  of  their  respective  authors,  are  generally  rejected 
by  their  students  as  soon  as  they  become  familiar  with  the 
corresponding  features  of  other  works. 

As  Phonography  now  stands  before  the  public,  in  this 
country,  it  has  no  generally  recognized  exponent.  It  is 
Lo!  here,  and  lo!  there ;  and  nobody  knows  who  is  the  true 
plionographic  prophet.  A  young  man,  or  young  lady,  wishes 
to  learn  the  coveted  art,  and  by  chance,  or  on  the  recommen- 
dation of  some  friend,  purchases  one  of  the  instruction  books 
in  the  market.  Before  mastering  the  system  as  presented  in 
its  pages,  he  or  she  is  told  by  some  other  friend  that  there  is 
a  better  system,  in  some  other  book;  and  forthwith  that 
other  book  is  bought,  and  the  learner  soon  becomes  con- 
founded with  the  conflicting  systems,  or  conflicting  modifica- 
tions of  the  original  system. 

Tlie  fact  most  to  be  regretted  in  this  connection  is,  that  all 
the  American  modifications  of  Plionography  differ  as  widely 
from  the  present  system  of  Isaac  Pitman,  the  original  English 
author,  as  they  do  from  each  other.  In  England  there  is  but 
one  system,  and  harmony  prevails  among  her  many  thousand 
phonographic  writers.  This  is  not  so  much  the  result,  we 
learn,  of  unity  of  views,  as  it  is  the  happy  outcome  of  obe- 

. J 

448541 


r. 


4  rKEFACE. 

dience  to  the  law  of  copy-right,  which  secures  to  Mr.  Pitman 
the  sole  right  to  publish  phonographic  books  in  Her  Majesty's 
kingdom. 

For  the  purpose  of  exerting  what  little  influence  he  can  in 
the  way  of  restoring  harmony  among  American  phonogra- 
pher3,  and  unity  in  the  style  of  writing  that  shall  be  acquired 
by  those  who  hereafter  study  the  art,  the  writer  has  carefully 
and  hoj)efully  prepared  the  foUoAving  pages.  In  them  he 
presents  all  the  new  features  that  have  stood  the  test,  for 
many  years,  of  both  experiment  and  practical  experience ;  and 
he  also  exhibits  others  in  reference  to  which  there  is  a  difier- 
ence  of  opinion,  and  wliich  are  used  only  by  limited  numbers 
of  phonographic  writers.  Thus  the  student  who  acquires  his 
knowledge  of  Phonography  through  this  manual,  will  become 
familiar  with  the  distinctive  features  of  other  authors,  and 
be  able  to  read  the  writing  of  phonographers  of  any  school. 

As  an  Eclectic  System  of  Phonography,  therefore, 
this  Manual  is  presented  to  a  discriminating  public.  It  is 
the  result  of  careful  investigation  and  experiment,  and  of 
long  practice  with  the  reporter's  pen;  in  addition  to  which, 
might  be  added,  a  continuous  corresjx)ndence,  for  a  quarter 
of  a  century,  with  the  most  critical  phonographers,  from  the 
esteemed  and  now  venerable  author,  Isaac  Pitman,  down  to 
the  latest  self-styled  "inventoi-"  of  "some  new  contrivances" 
of  his  own.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  for  so  long  a  time 
thousands  of  skillful  Englishmen  and  ingenious  Yankees 
have  been  doing  their  best  at  improving  Phonography,  it  is 
scarcely  possible  for  anything  new,  and  also  valuable,  to  be 
hereafter  discovered  and  rendered  serviceable,  in  the  use  of 
t!ie  very  limited  number  of  straight  and  curved  lineX  circles, 
hooks,  dots  and  dashes,  that  are  available  for  the  pen.  Hence 
it  may  safely  be  presumed  that  the  phonographic  art  has 
reached  the  ultima  titule  of  perfection. 

As  to  the  method  in  which  the  art  is  presented  in  the  fol- 
lowing pages,  but  few  words  need  be  said.  It  is  in  the  main 
the  same  as  that  employed  in  the  old,  and  always  popular, 
Amekican  Manuae  of  Phonography.  The  first  lessons 
are  rendered  still  more  simple  and  easy  of  comprehension  by 


"~> 


0 


the  introduction  of  only  portions  of  the  alphabet  at  a  time, 
and  by  interlined  transhitions  of  the  shorthand  in  common 
print,  both  of  which  are  features  peculiar  to  this  book  alone. 

Tlie  exceeding  brevity  of  Isaac  l^itnian's  Manual,  which 
contains  but  04  small  pages,  has  been  avoided;  while  the 
great  prolixity  of  certain. American  authors,  whose  large  and 
crowded  pages  extend  to  250  and  300,  has  been  as  judiciously 
guarded  against.  In  this  convenient  little  book  the  time  and 
memory  of  the  pupil  are  not  taxed  with  unnecessary  and  im- 
practicable discussions  of  philosophical  points  in  relation  to 
language  and  its  visual  representation.  He  is  not  deterrtd 
from  beginning  the  study,  by  a  formidable  volume,  nor 
discouraged  by  the  slow  jjrogress  of  memorizing  page  after 
page  of  abstract  principles  and  rules  before  becoming 
charmed  with  the  practice  based  upon  them.  In  these  in- 
viting i)agcs  j>rinciple  and  practice  go  hand  in  hand. 

Jinmediately  following  the  explanation  of  each  new  princi- 
ple is  a  Reading  Exercise,  embracing,  as  much  as  possible, 
words  illustrative  of  the  preceding  text.  This  is  followed  by 
an  Exercise  for  Writing,  which  should  be  written  before  pro- 
gressing further,  while  the  manner  in  which  the  words  are  to 
be  formed  are  fresh  in  the  mind.  Then,  at  the  close  of  each 
lesson,  is  a  general  Writing  Exercise,  embodying,  besides  the 
principles  just  presented,  all  that  has  previously  been  learned. 
This  should  be  written  by  each  pupil,  during  the  intetvals  be- 
tween the  meetings  of  the  class;  and  at  the  next  recitation, 
the  pupils  should  exchange  their  manuscripts  with  each 
other,  and  then  read,  each  a  sentence  in  turn,  from  their 
written  exercises.  They  might  then  be  passed  to  the  teacher 
for  his  correction. 

Another  leading  feature  is  such  an  arrangement  of  the 
l&ssons  that  no  word,  or  class  of  words,  is  required  to  be 
written  until  the  principle  is  explained  by  which  they  are 
written  in  their  most  approved  forms.  By  this  means  the 
student  is  not  compelled  to  spend  his  time  in  learning  to 
write  certain  words,  and  then  .suffer  the  discouragement  of 
having  to  drop  and  forget  the  forms  thus  learned,  and  famil- 
iarize himself  with  new  and  better  ones.      What  is  once 


'    6  PREFACE. 

learned  in  this  book,  remains  a  fixed  fact  with  tlie  pupil  in 
all  his  after  use  of  the  system. 

The  Review  at  the  close  of  each  lesson  will  be  of  great 
assistance  to  the  teacher,  especially  to  the  inexperienced,  in 
questioning  his  class  as  to  what  they  have  gone  over ;  it  will 
also  be  useful  to  the  private  learner,  filling  the  place,  almost, 
of  an  oral  instructor.  The  questions  may  be  asked  the  class 
either  collectively  or  individually;  the  latter  is  generally  the 
better  way.  It  would  be  well,  as  often  as  convenient,  to 
have  the  pupils  illustrate  their  answers  on  the  black-board. 

The  pupil  is  advised  to  read  the  following  Introduction 
carefully  through,  in  order  that  he  may  get  a  general  idea 
of  the  phonetic  theory,  before  beginning  Ihe  practice  and 
study  of  the  phonographic  art.  He  will  then  be  prepared  to 
make  more  rapid  and  satisfactory  progress  than  he  would 
by  commencing  with  the  first  lesson  proper. 


r 


,nlr0imtH0ii. 


^i^C  IJindccnl]^  ©Cnfur^  has  undoubtedly  eclipsed  all 
preceding  time  in  the  number  and  value  of  its  discoveries  and 
inventions.  In  mechanics,  manufactures,  agriculture,  and 
the  arts,  what  changes  have  taken  place  even  in  the  memory 
of  our  fathers!  Scarcely  anything  is  done  now  as  it  was  in 
the  days  of  their  boyhood.  New  methods  and  new  machinery 
are  accomplishing  twenty-five,  fifty,  or  a  hundred  per  cent, 
more  in  the  same  time,  than  was  accomplished  by  our  fore- 
fathers, and  at  very  much  less  exi^ense.  The  lalK)rious 
and  tedious  process  of  shaping  wood  and  stone,  iron  and  other 
metals,  by  the  carpenter,  mason,  and  machinist,  are  almost 
forgotten  by  the  workmen  who  feed  and  watch  the  wonder- 
ful machines  that  saw,  and  plane,  and  turn,  and  mould,  by 
the  power  of  steam,  the  multitudinous  forms  needed  in  archi- 
tecture, mechanism,  and  the  various  arts  and  sciences. 

Modes  of  travel  and  of  mental  communication  have  in 
like  manner  changed.  Steam  vessels  and  railroads  have 
superceded  the  sail  and  tow-boat  and  the  stage-coach,  and 
we  now  travel  more  than  twice  as  fast,  and  far  more  comfort- ' 
ably  than  did  our  fathers;  while  the  electric  telegraph  and 
the  telephone  have  far  out-stripped,  in  speed  and  usefulness, 
correspondence  by  mail. 

While  the  transmission  of  words  and  facts  to  distant  points 
has  been  astonishingly  facilitated,  by  late  inventions,  the 
record  of  original  thought,  its  transfer  from  mind  to  paper, 
has  not  been  correspondingly  improved,  until  by  the  inven- 
tion and  perfection  of  Phonography  such  perfect  facility  in 
thought  representation  has  been  rendered  possible.     The  pho- 


INTRODUCTION. 


nographic  art  is  certainly  a  boon  of  inestimable  value  to  the 
human  mind,  rendered  indispensable  by  the  rapidity  with 
which  thought  may  be  transmitted  to  the  farthest  ends 
of  the  earth.  It  presents  to  the  student,  as  well  as  the 
scholar,  an  alphabet  of  letters  so  simple  and  facile  that 
he  who  uses  them  may  readily  keep  pace  with  the  fastest 
speaker — affording  a  system  of  writing  as  much  superior  to 
that  of  the  old  script  alphabet,  as  railroads  are  to  the  old- 
style  stage  coaches  or  telegraphs  to  the  postman's  plodding 
pony. 

It  is  not  our  wish  to  vmderrate  the  value  of  the  pres- 
ent system  of  writing;  it  has  been  of  great  service  in  its 
time,  having  done  much  iu  the  way  of  civilizing  and  en- 
lightening the  races  of  men.  But  the  state  of  things  in 
the  scientific  world  demands  a  change  in  the  character  of 
our  written  language.  Science  is  a  stern  ruler;  her  laws 
encircle  every  art,  and  although  for  a  long  time  they  may 
remain  undiscovered  or  not  applied,  yet  as  the  world  pro- 
gresses in  knowledge  and  learns  wisdom  from  experience, 
it  will  cause  them  to  be  developed,  and  future  generations 
will  derive  the  advantages  of  conforming  to  them.  These 
facts  have  been  illustrated  in  the  various  improvements 
to  which  we  have  alluded;  and  they  are  still  to  be  ex- 
pected in  such  departments  as  have  not  yet  undergone 
the  remodeling  process  of  modern  ingenuity.  They  take 
their  turn  in  the  great  circle  of  progression ;  and  it  is  the 
object  of  the  present  work  to  demonstrate  the  laws  that 
apply  to  the  art  of  writing,  as  required  at  this  stage  of  the 
world's  history. 

The  spirit  of  our  age  demands  two  new  features  in  the  art 
of  writing:  First,  Speed  in  its  execution;  second.  System  in  its 
orthography.  In  treating  of  the  first  desideratum  we  shall 
briefly  refer  to  the  alphabet,  now  in  use,  and  the  habits  of 
writing  it  requires. 

Like  the  ancient  implements  of  industry  and  modes  of 
labor,  the  alphabet  of  our  fathers  was  constructed  at  a  time 
when  the  ingenuity  of  man  had  not  been  brought  into  full 


r 

I^•T^wODUCTIO^^ 


play.  The  letters  are  complex,  and  the  uae  of  them  cuKiber- 
8ome  in  the  extreme.  To  illustrate:  take  the  letter  a  for 
example;  to  make  this  letter  the  fingers  have  to  perform  four 
inflections  or  movements,  while  it  represents  but  a  simple 
sound;  in  making  the  letter  m  seven  inflections  arc  re- 
quired, while  it,  t<jo,  represents  but  one  sound ;  and  every 
letter  of  the  old  alphabet  is  thus  complex,  to  a  greater  or  less 
degree,  although  they  are  designed  each  to  represent  but  a 
single  sound. 

Now,  while  there  is  complexity  in  the  art  of  writing,  in 
spoken  language  the  organs  of  speech  perform  but  one  move- 
ment in  the  enunciation  of  each  sound;  and  hence  the  labor 
of  the  penman  is  four  or  five  times  as  great  as  that  of  the 
speaker.  While  the  latter  is  moving  oflT  freely,  as  on  the 
wings  of  the  wind,  the  former  is  trudging  at  the  snail's 
jiace,  weary  and  provoked  at  the  contrast. 

The  object  to  be  accomplislied,  therefore,  is  to  present  an 
alphabet,  each  letter  of  which  can  be  written  by  one  inflec- 
tion of  tlie  jwn,  so  that  the  writer  need  no  longer  be  four 
times  distanced  by  the  moderate  speaker;  and  if  the  reader 
will  follow  us  through  this  book,  he  will  see  that  the  system 
we  are  alx)ut  to  develop  more  than  meets  this  requirement. 

But  a  greater  dlfliculty,  if  possible,  than  the  mere  substi- 
tution of  a  new  alphabet,  is  to  be  overcome.  The  orthogra- 
phy employed  in  using  the  old  alphal>et  is  nearly  as  cumbrous 
as  the  formation  of  its  letters;  while  its  want  of  system 
makes  it  a  study  of  many  years  to  memorize  the  spelling  of 
the  fifty  or  eighty  thousand  words  in  our  language. 

Thus,  take  the  sound  of  a;  if  we  had  nothing  to  do,  in 
order  to  represent  it  in  our  common  writing  but  to  write  the 
one  letter  called  a,  the  evil  would  be  trifling  compared  with 
what  it  is.  But  we  more  frequently  have  to  write  two  or 
three,  or  even  four  letters  to  represent  this  one  sound.  It  has, 
in  fact,  thirty-four  diflferent  modes  of  representation,  consist- 
ing of  various  combinations  of  nine  different  letters,  a  few 
only  of  which  we  have  room  to  exhibit  Thus,  aa,  as  in 
J.aron;  at,  as  in  p«m;  ai^vui  in  campat(/n;  aigh,  as  in  strai^At; 
ay,  as  in   mayor ;  eirj,  as   in  re/V/n ;  eight,  as  in  yieighed,  «&c. 


J 


r. 


10  IXTRODUCTIOX. 


Now  common  senss,  a3  well  as  the  laws  of  science,  suggests 
that  the  sound  of  a  in  each  and  all  tliese  should  be  written 
with  the  same  letter.  When  this  shall  be  done,  more  than 
two-tJunh  of  the  labor  of  representing  this  sound  will  be 
saved;  but  by  substituting  a  new  letter  that  can  be  made 
Avith  but  one  movement  of  the  pen  instead  of  the  four  that 
a  requires,  and  of  the  four  times  four  that  several  of  the 
above  combinations  require,  nine-tentha  of  this  labor  will  be 
avoided.  In  writing  the  letters  to  represent  the  sound  a 
in  these  seven  words,  instead  of  making  seventy  inflections  of 
the  pen,  we  will  have  to  make  but  seven  ! 

The  sound  of  e  is  represented  in  forty  different  ways.  Ex- 
amples; e,  as  in  me;  ee,  as  in  meet;  ea,  as  in  each;  ea-ite,  as  in 
leag»e;  eye,  as  in  keyed;  ety,as  in  se/z/nor;  ciy/i,  us  in  Lieiyh; 
i-e,  as  in  marine;  ic,  as  in  field;  etc.  We  need  not  repeat  that 
the  sound  of  e  in  each  of  these  words  should  be  represented 
by  the  same  letter  ;  or  that  by  substituting  for  the  complex 
letter  e  a  simple  character  that  can  be  made  with  one  motion 
of  the  pen,  seven-eighths  or  nine-tenths  of  t!ie  labor  in  writ- 
ing would  bo  saved.  These  are  facts  that  are  evident,  after 
the  illustrations  are  presented.  And  we  might  thus  illustrate 
the  unscientific  mode  of  representing  nearly  every  word  in 
our  language,  with  equally  deplorable  results.  But  we  will 
only  state  the  melancholy  fact,  that  the  various  sounds  em- 
ployed in  speaking  the  English  language  are  each  represented 
in  from  four  to  forty  ways,  and  that  in  the  large  majority  of 
cases  two  or  moi-e  letters  are  required  to  do  the  service.  It  is 
also  true,  that  there  is  no  letter  in  the  alphabet  that  uni- 
formly represents  the  same  sound;  thus,  a  has  a  different 
sound  in  each  of  the  following  words:  ote,  at,  all,  are,  any; 
and  e  has  a  different  sound  in  each  of  the  following  words : 
eel,  cU,  vein,  verse,  height,  etc. 

Tlie  consequence  of  this  want  of  system  is,  in  the  language 
of  a  distinguished  writer  on  the  subject  of  education,  that 
"reading  is  the  most  difficult  of  human  attainments."  And, 
as  a  further  consequence,  one-third  of  the  population  of 
England  are  unable  to  read,  and  one-half  unable  to  write; 
while  in  the  United  States,  the  number  of  adult  white  per- 


IXTRODUCTIOX.  11 


sons  who  can  neither  read  nor  write;  is  one  to  every  twenty 
wlio  can  ;  and  this  wide-spread  ignorance  must  continue  un- 
til tlie  rudiments  of  education  are  tsiuiplified.  iSuch  incon- 
sistencies and  mischievous  errors  as  we  have  referred  to,  are 
not  in  harmony  with  tlic  developments  of  order  and  science 
in  most  other  branches  of  industry  and  art,  and  hence  they 
must  be  superseded  by  something  truer  and  more  expedi- 
tious; or,  if  not  superseded,  we  must  use  the  more  speedy 
and  economical  system  in  connection  with  the  old,  as  steam- 
boats, railroads  and  telegraphs  are  used,  conjointly  with  the 
old  modes  of  conveyance. 

Bl|c  J*fpncflt  J?ri«dj[ilr, 

The  term  Phonetic  is  derived  from  the  Greek  word  phone, 
sound.  A  phonetic  alphabet,  therefore,  is  one  which,  refer- 
ring solely  to  speech,  derives  all  its  laws  from  a  consideration 
of  the  elsmenta  of  speech.  To  illustrate  what  we  mean  by  the 
phrase  "elements  of  speech,"  we  have  but  to  ask  the  reader 
to  adjust  his  lips  to  a  round  position  and  deliver  the  voice  as 
he  would  commence  to  speak  the  words  ode,  oak,  own.  Now 
this  same  sound  is  heard  in  thousands  of  words  in  our  lan- 
guage, and  is  what  we  call  an  element  of  speech.  Another 
element  is  heard  in  the  commencement  of  the  word  ooze  and 
at  tlie  termination  of  the  word  who.  In  pronouncing  the 
words  see,  say,  saw,  so,  we  hear,  at  tiie  beginning  of  each  of 
them,  the  sjime  kind  of  a  sound,  namely  a  hks,  which  is  also 
an  element  of  speech,  for  it  frequently  combines  with  other 
sounds  to  make  words.  By  analyzing  all  the  words  in  the 
English  language,  it  has  been  found  that  it  is  constituted  of 
but  forty-three  elementary  sounds;  or,  to  be  more  precise, 
thirty-nine  simple  sounds  and  four  compound  ones,  formed 
by  the  close  union  of  certain  simple  sounds,  which  it  is  con- 
venient to  consider  as  elements.  In  speaking,  therefore,  our 
words  consist  simply  in  the  utterance  of  one  of  these,  or  a 
combination  of  two  or  more  of  them;  and  in  writing  these 
words,  common  sense  would  suggest  that  each  element  should 
be  represented  by  a  single  letter,  that  should  never  stand 
for  any  other  sound. 


12  INTRODUCTION. 


It  is  supposed  the  original  Phoenician  alphabet,  from  which 
our  present  alphabet  is  remotely  derived,  was  phonetic;  that 
is,  it  represented  the  elements  of  speech  in  such  a  manner 
that  when  the  sounds  of  a  word  were  heard  the  writer  knew 
immediately  what  letters  to  use,  and  when  he  saw  the  letters 
he  knew  at  once  what  sounds  he  was  to  utter.  But  when 
this  alphabet  was  adopted  by  the  Greeks  and  Eomans,  who 
used  sounds  unknown  to  the  Phoenicians,  many  of  the  old 
letters  were  necessarily  used  to  represent  new  sounds  as  well 
as  old  ones,  so  that  there  was  no  longer  any  very  strict  ac- 
cordance between  the  sounds  and  letters  of  words.  But 
when  other  European  nations,  including  the  Englisli,  adopted 
the  Romanic  alphabet,  and  used  it  in  very  dilFerent  ways, 
insomuch  that  no  one  could  guess  what  sound  should  be 
attributed  to  any  one  letter,  almost  all  trace  of  the  pho- 
netic nature  of  the  alphabet  was  lost.  And  hence  the  de- 
plorable state  of  English  spelling  and  writing,  as  depicted 
in  previous  pages,  which,  in  few  words,  is  so  bad  that  no 
one  can  tell  the  sound  of  an  unknown  word  from  its 
spelling,  or  the  spelling  of  a  new  word  from  its  sound. 

Phonetic  spelling,  therefore,  is  no  new  thing,  and  the 
efforts  of  writing  and  spelling  reformers  is  simply  an  at- 
tempt to  place  the  representation  of  the  English  language 
on  the  same  rational  basis  that  the  most  classic  of  the  ancient 
languages  stood,  and  in  addition  thereto  to  afford  the  means 
for  the  most  rapid  writing  that  it  is  possible  to  attain.  No 
further  argument,  therefore,  should  be  required,  in  presenting 
a  system  so  accordant  with  scientific  truth  and  utility. 


And  yet,  in  this  age  of  improvement  and  scientific  exac- 
tion, when  from  all  the  universities,  colleges,  and  other  rc\)- 
resentatives  of  knowledge  and  literary  judgment,  the  de- 
mand for  an  enlarged  alphabet  and  reformed  orthography  is 
being  pressed  upon  public  attention,  an  author  ventures  to 
shock  all  sense  of  consistency  by  bringing  out  a  system  of 
brief  writing   based  on   the  old  absurd  orthography.*    His 

*Cross's  Eclectic  Shorthand;  Chicago:     S.  C.  Griggs  &,  Co.     1879. 


INTKODUCriON.  13 


alphabet  corrcsiKmds,  in  number  and  signilication,  with  the 
tAventy-»ix  lionian  letters,  and  diilers  little,  in  its  uuphilo- 
«)j)hieal  principles  and  modes  of  spelling,  from  the  sten- 
ographic systems  of  Willis  (1012),  Taylor  (178G),  and 
Gould  (183<3).  He  gives  as  the  principal  reastjn  why 
Phonography  can  never  become  general,  the  following 
enunciation  of  its  fundamental  character:  "Its  basis 
on  a  rigid  elementary  analysis  of  the  sounds  of  the 
English  language,  requiring  as  many  letters  as  there  arc 
sounds."  He  s;iys  further:  "It  is  certain  that  no  one  can 
ever  acquire  the  same  readiness  in  the  use  of  twenty 
vowel  characters  that  he  can  in  the  use  of  the  ftve,  a,  e, 
i,  0,  u."  I.i  this  objection  he  ignores  the  fact  that  Pho- 
nography employs  but  two  different  forms  for  the  vowels,  the 
dot  and  the  dash,  which,  when  made  both  heavy  and  light 
double  the  numlxT  to  four  only  ;  and  disregards  the  other 
fact,  that  the  skillful  writer  has  no  occasion  to  use  any  vowel 
signs,  or  but  very  few.  Elsewhere  the  author  declaims 
against  omissions  of  the  vowels  in  Phonography,  but  in  the 
development  of  his  system  he  prcjvides  a  scale  of  four  im- 
aginary lines,  in  addition  to  the  one  line  of  writing,  by  means 
of  which  to  indicate  the  omission  not  only  of  his  live  vowels 
but  of  six  consonants;  while  Plionography  needs  a  scale  of 
only  three  positions:  above  the  line,  on  the  line,  and  under 
the  line. 

As  to  this  author's  objection,  that  "the  alternate  shade  and 
hair  lines  of  the  phonographies  are  a  great  embarassment  to 
rapid  writing,  which  the  reporter  can  surmount  only  by  dis- 
regarding this  feature,"  it  is  l)est  answered  by  the  fact  that 
he  provides  for  fully  as  much  shading  as  is  employed  in  Plio- 
nography. In  the  first  place,  he  says:  "the  diphthongs  ait,  aw, 
ou,  ow,  oi  and  oy  are  represented  by  a,  o  and  /,  shaded  equulbj 
from  top  to  bottom."  In  Phonography  the  diphthongs  are  not 
shaded  at  all.  In  the  second  place,  notwithstanding  the 
above  quotation,  he  says:  "^Vo  henry  Unrs  are  vscd,  except 
for  r,  which,  being  a  heavy  line,  is  added  to  any  other  line  of 
the  alphabet  by  makiiuj  it  heavy."  The  result  of  which  is, 
that  as  r  either  precedes  or  follows  almost  every  other  letter 


r. 


14  IXTUODUCTION. 


in  the  alphabet,  in  the  formation  of  words,  nearly  every  let- 
ter is  frequently  shaded,  while  in  Phonography  le&s  than  half 
the  number  arc  shaded.  And  if  anything  more  is  needed  to 
save  Phonography  from  this  Knight  of  Absurdity,  the  follow- 
ing will  be  sutiicient:  "To  the  unskillful  hand  exact  shad- 
ing may  seem  at  first  to  be  difiicult,  hut  practice  will  soon  render 
it  easy." 

yipn00rap|t|  in  ^x\t\* 

Phonography  is  a  system  of  shorthand,  based  on  an  an- 
alysis of  words  into  their  elementary  sounds,  and  a  philo- 
sophical representation  of  those  s^mnds,  without  regard  to 
the  ordinary  mode  of  spelling  them.  The  principal  object 
being  rapidity  of  execution,  with  a  reliable  degree  of  legibil- 
it}',  the  simplest  signs  which  it  was  possible  to  obtain  were 
chosen  for  the  alphabet.  They  are,  first,  the  dot,  .  ;  second; 
the  dash,  which  is  only  a  lengthened  dot,  -  ;  third,  the 
straight  line,  —  ;  fourth,  the  curve,  ^— ^  .  The  dot  and  dash 
are  used  in  telegraphy,  as  the  swiftest  means  of  recording 
the  words  transmitted  by  lightning.  In  Phonography  they 
are  employed  to  represent  the  vowels,  and  the  straight  lines 
and  curves  to  represent  the  consonants. 

The  following  diagrams  exhibit  the  geometrical  source  from 
which  the  consonants  are  drawn,  and  show  the  different  po- 
sitions they  occupy  in  representing  different  sounds: 


It  will  be  observed  that  the  straight  line  admits  of  four 
different  positions,  and  the  curved  one  eight.  These  are  as 
many  ix)sitions  as  can  be  recognized  without  danger  of  con- 
fusion; and  these  two  simple  characters,  the  straight  line  and 
curve,  can  be  written  in  these  twelve  positions  so  as  to  be 
just  as  distinct  and  legible  as  though  this  number  of  differ- 
ently shaped  letters  were  employed.  Here,  then,  are  the 
means  of  representing  twelve   consonant  sounds ;  but  since, 


INTUODUCTION.  15 


in  writing,  we  can  make  either  light  or  heavy  marks,  this 
number  may  be  doubled  by  recognizing  the  same  number  of 
h(av>j  straight  lines  and  curves. 

While  it  is  found  necessary  to  make  each  of  the  primitive 
characters  heavy,  in  order  to  obtain  a  sufficient  number,  it  is 
also  found  a  useful  and  philost)phical  method  of  distinguish- 
ing between  the  natures  of  dill'erent  sounds.  Thus,  eight  of 
the  sounds  which  these  characters  are  to  represent  are  mere 
whispers,  produced  by  the  transition  of  the  organs  of  speech 
from  one  position  to  another,  or  by  the  simple  contact  of  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  mouth,  without  any  vocal  sound;  and 
there  are  eight  others  made  in  the  «ime  manner,  but  they 
have,  in  addition,  as  slightly  roughened  or  vocal  sound,  which 
requires  a  greater  effort  to  produce  them. 

To  follow  nature,  therefore,  and  preserve  a  correspondence 
between  signs  and  sounds,  the  light  signs  are  made  to  repre- 
sent the  light  or  whisi>ered  sounds,  and  the  heavy  signs  to 
represent  the  heavj-  sounds.  Thus,  both  the  difference  be- 
tween the  sounds  and  their  reseinblance  are  at  once  repre- 
sented. And  it  being  so  natural  to  represent  a  light  sound 
by  a  light  stroke,  and  a  heavy  sound  by  a  heavy  stroke,  the 
phonographic  pupil  finds,  after  a  little  practice,  that  he 
makes  the  difl'erence  in  the  strokes  without  any  thought 
about  it.  But  the  similarity  of  sound  between  the  heavy 
and  light  strokes  is  so  great  that,  if  at  any  time  the  differ- 
ence in  the  tliickness  of  the  lines  is  not  clearly  made,  it  will 
not  seriously  affect  the  legibility  of  the  writing  to  the  expe- 
rienced phonographer.  Thus,  for  example,  if  the  word 
Sinsiiiati  were  written  so  as  to  be  pronounced  Ziminadi, 
the  reader  could  hardly  mistake  the  intention  of  the  writer. 

The  Coxsoxants  are  classified  as  follows: — 

1.  Abruptp. — These  elements  sometimes  called  explo- 
dents,  are  produced  by  a  total  contact  of  the  organs  of 
speech,  abruptly  interrupting  and  exploding  the  outward 
passage  of  the  breath,  or  the  voice.  They  are  eight  in 
number,  and  being  stiff,  unyielding  sounds,  are  appropri- 
ately represented  by  the   eight    straight,    unyielding   right 


16  IXTRODUCTION. 


lines,  as    illustrated    in    the   following  table — the  italicised 
letters  of  the  words  indicating  the  sounds  represented : 

Whispered,      \  rope,  |   fa^e,  /  etcA,        . .  loc^. 

Spoken,         '  \  ro6e,  I   iade,       /  edge,       —  log. 

By  a  little  observation  in  comparing  the  sound  of  p  with 
that  of  b,  in  the  words  rope  and  robe,  the  distinction  of  whis- 
pered and  spoken,  or  light  and  heavy,  will  be  appreciated.  As 
far  as  articulation,  or  the  contact  of  the  organs  of  speech  is 
concerned,  the  consonants  j)  and  b  are  identical ;  the  sound  of 
the  former,  however,  is  produced  by  the  breath  only,  while 
the  latter  requires  the  assistance  of  the  voice,  which  com- 
mences before  the  lips,  the  organs  by  which  the  articulation 
is  produced,  are  disconnected.  The  same  remarks  apply  to 
each  of  the  other  pairs  of  abrupts,  as  the  reader  will  discover 
by  speaking  the  illustrative  words  in  connection. 

2.  CoxTiNUANTS: — The  organs  of  speech  are  in  contact  in 
the  production  of  these  elements,  yet  not  so  firmly  as  to 
totally  obstruct  the  passage  of  breath,  or  voice;  but  the 
sounds  may  be  continued  any  length  of  time.  There  are, 
also,  eight  of  these  elements — half  of  them  whispered  and 
half  spoken ;  and  as  they  are  of  a  flowing,  yielding  nature, 
they  are  appropriately  represented  by  curved  and  flowing 
signs;    thus: 

Whispered,     V^  sa/e,        f  yvreath,         )  huss,       _J  vicious. 
Spoken,  ^  saw,       /  wrea/Ae,        )  biuz,       ^  vision. 

3.  LiQTJlDS. — Tliese  are  r  and  I,  and  are  called  liquids  be- 
cause they  readily  run  into  or  unite  with  other  consonant 
sounds.  They  are  not  distinguished  by  any  variation  of 
sound,  as  the  abrupts  and  continuants,  and  are  represented 
by  light  curves;  thus: 

f~  Ml,        "^  for. 


IXTRODUCTIOX.  17 


4.  Xa.sals. — The  sounds  of  //*,  n  and  «</,  are  called  nasals 
from  tlie  fact  that  the  organs  are  brought  into  complete  con- 
tact, and  the  voice  driven  through  the  nose.  The  ni  and  n 
are  represented  by  the  two  remaining  light  curves,  and  ng  by 
the  heavy  curve  corresponding  to  n,  as  being  nearly  related 
to  that  sound ;   thus: 

^--s  see/rt,         ^-— '  seen,        >*-'  sing. 

5.  CoALESCEKTS. —  Y  and  w  hold  a  medial  character  be- 
tween the  vowels  and  consonants  ;  w  being  a  weak  sound  or 
modification  of  oo,  and  y  a  modification  of  short  i,  or  ce. 
They  never  occur  in  English  except  before  a  vowel,  with 
which  they  closely  coalesce.  The  following  are  their  pho- 
nographic signs,  and  the  words  illustrating  their  powers: 

^  way,        ^  yea. 

6.  Aspirate: — The  power  of  h  is  simply  a  breathing  upon 
the  following  vowel,  and  is  generally  represented  by  a  light 
tick,  thus :  ^ ;  but  sometimes  a  lengthened  form  y  is  em- 
ployed. 

Vowel  Arraxgemext. — In  order  to  represent  twelve 
vowel  sounds  by  the  two  signs,  a  dot  and  a  dash,  a  scheme 
similar  to  that  of  representing  musical  sounds  by  the  round 
note  is  restarted  to.  An  the  vowels  rarely  occur  except  in 
connection  with  a  consonant,  they  are  indicated  by  the  posi- 
tion in  which  the  dot  or  dash  is  placed  to  the  consonant 
stroke;  thus,  a  dot  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a  consonant 
represents  the  vowel  ah,  at  the  middle  a,  at  the  end  e;  the 
dash  at  the  beginning  is  au,  at  the  middle  o,  at  the  end  Go. 
The  remaining  six  vowels  are  short  or  brief,  as  compared  with 
the  foregoing  six,  and  are  appropriately  represented  by  the 
dot  and  dasli  in  the  same  manner  but  made  liglUcr;  and  most 
of  what  has  l>een  said  in  regard  to  light  and  heavy  consonants 
applies  to  tlie  vowels. 

In  the  following  illustration  the  vowel  signs  are  placed  to 
a  dotted  line,  that   represents  the  length  of  any   consonant 


18 


IKTKODUCTION. 


stroke,  merely  to  indicate  the  position  of  the  dot  and  dash ; 
it  i3  no  part  of  the  vowel.  The  italic  letters  in  the  accom- 
panying words  suggest  the  vowel  sounds : 


flrm, 


ale. 


.;  dl, 


eel. 


ill, 


all, 


on, 


— j  oak, 


up, 


J:    wood, 


Diphthongs: — These  being  compound  sounds,  and  all  the 
simple  characters  being  otherwise  appropriated,  they  are  rep- 
resented by  complex  signs.  They  will  be  understood  by  the 
following  illustration: 


jsle, 


oil, 


owl, 


ORGANIC  CLASSIFICATION  OF  COKSONANTS. 
Tlie  following  classification,  with  reference  to  the  positions 
of  the  mouth  and  the  parts  employed  in  producing  the  sev- 
eral elementary  sounds,  will   interest   the   reader  having  a 
scientific  turn  of  mind : 


Ahrupts. 


Conttn- 
tuints. 


^  WJiispered. 

^  Spolcen. 

C  Whispered. 

1  Spolcen. 


Liquids. 

Itesonants, 

Ambiguea. 


\b 

^—Nm 
^w 


it 

(th) 
(^th    ) 


Xch 

/j 

^^sh 
v_^n 

ry 


In  the  above  division  of  the  consonant  sounds,  reading  in 
columns  downwards,  we  begin  with,  (1),  those  formed  at  the 
lips,  as^,  b,/,  &c.,  and   call   them   Labials;  (2),   we  then  go 


INTRODUCTION.  H) 


back  to  the  region  of  the  tip  of  the  tongue  and  the  teeth, 
where,  t,  d,  &c.,  are  formed,  which  class  we  term  LiiKjvo-JJin- 
t(ih,  (tongue-teeth  sounds;)  (3),  then  to  the  hard  palate  or 
roof  of  the  moutlj,  a  little  back  of  the  teeth,  where  Ave  find 
(li,j,sh,  &c.,  which  we  call  Livgiio-Palalals;  and,  finally,  to 
the  root  of  the  tongue,  near  the  throat,  where  k,  (j,  &c.,  are 
formed,  which  we  term  GutUrals,  or  Throat-Sounds. 


|)cfi«iliott  ti\  l^crm$. 


Phonetics,  from  phone,  voice,  is  a  general  term,  signifying  the 
science  of  the  voice.  Phonetic  science  treats  of  the  diff«reiit 
sounds  of  the  human  voice,  their  modifications  and  combinations; 
henco  the  modoof  spelling  based  on  this  science  is  called  phonetic 
spelling,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  ordinary  spelling  now  in  use. 

I'ltunography,  from  phone,  voice,  and  jjraphe,  writing,  means 
voice-writing,  or  the  representation  of  the  sounds  of  the  human  voice 
by  written  signs  ;  it  is  also  applied  to  the  style  of  writing  thus  pro- 
duced by  means  of  Mr.  Isaac  Pitman's  brief  and  scientific  shorthand 
alphabet. 

Phonotypy,  from  phone,  voice,  and  inpof,  type,  means  the  art  of 
representing  the  sounds  of  the  human  voice  by  printed  letters,  in 
accordance  with  the  rules  of  phonetic  science;  also  the  style  of  print- 
ing thus  i)roduced. 

Phonotype  is  a  printed  letter,  used  to  represent  any  particular 
sound  in  a  word. 

Phouograiii,  from  phone,  voice,  and  tjramma,  letter,  signifies  a 
written  sign  or  letter,  used  for  the  representation  of  a  certain  sound. 

LiOfjograni,  from  loijun,  word,  and  fjrnmmn,  letter,  is  a  phonogram 
or  single  sign,  nsod  for  the  sake  of  brevity  to  represent  the  whole 
word:  as  |  d,  which  represents  do. 

Gramnialo^iie,  ( the  partH  cf  the  last  word  trangposed,)  means  a 
letter-word,  or  a  word  that  13  represented  bj*  a  logogram;  as  do  is  the 
graminalogne  represented  by  the  logogram  |  d. 

Pliraseogram  is  a  combination  of  shorthand  signs,  for  the  rep- 
resentation of  a  iihrase,  or  several  words  in  a  sentence. 

Phraseography  is  the  system  of  representing  phrases  by  (he 
writing  of  phrascograms. 


Ji^ujrajil^it  ^!p]^ali0i* 


U2 

•5 


5  < 


\  p  ro2)e 

\  b  rote 

I    t  fate 

I    d  faJe 

/    q  etch 

/  j  e(?(ire 

k  loc/c 

, S  % 


i    q  arm 
i    a  rtle 
,:    i    eel 
i  e   aiced 
'1  o  ope 
lu  fool 


H 
S3 

2  i 

CO 


Consonants. 
V.  f  sa/e 
V>^  V   sare 
V    t   wrea^/i 
V^    d  wrea?/te 

j    s   buss 
)    z   buz3 

_^  J   vicious 
^  3   vision 
Vowels. 
a  am 

•;  e  ell 
.1  i  ill 
i     0   odd 


u  wp 

J    u  fwU 


o 
o 


r  1   fa?^ 
\  r  for 

"-^  m  seem 

' y  n   see/i 

^^g   si»^ 

>  w  way 
^  y  yea 
i/'  h   /taiid 

i      or     oil 


A:       TJ      OMjI 
nj      \\     d^pO 


Note. — For  an  explanation  of  the  new  typic  letters  above, 
and  specimen  of  phonetic  printing,  see  appendix,  page  138. 


ECLECTIC 

^^kJiUjKh  Of  pHOj^OQI^APHY. 


5[ir$l  Jf0$$xtm 


EXPLODENT  CONSONANTS. 

1.  Let  the  pupil  take  a  pointer,  or  a  pen  without  ink,  and 

trace  the  signs  in  the  following  division  of  the  consonants, 
termed  crplodcnf^,  — the  perpendicular  and  inclined  ones  from 
the  top  downwards,  and  the  horizontal  ones  from  left  to  right, 
— si)caking,  at  the  same  time,  the  name  of  each,  as  printed 
beneath. 

\         \  I  /  /         _.       _ 

Po  Be  To  De  Chay        Jay  Kay  Gay 

The  consecutive  order  and  tabular  arrangement  of  these 
signs  should  be  fixed  in  the  mind,  by  repeating  them  fre- 
quently as  above;  after  which  the  exercise  may  be  varied 
as  follows: 


r,  B  : 

\\  \\  \\  \\  \\  w  \\ 

T.  D    1  1   1  1   1  1   1  1   1  1   1  1   1  1 

*     y      ^          y      *          y     M           ^      t           ,      .           ,      . 

Ch,  J 

///y/y//   ////// 

K,  G : 

—  —  —  —  . —  —  —  —    —  — 

2.  In  the  above,  and  a  few  subsequent  exercises,  is  exhib- 
ited the  manner  of  writing  on  double-ruled  paper  ;  in  the  use 


22  ECLECTIC     MANUAL 

of  a  isingle  line  the  signs  should  be  written  to  it  as  though  it 
were  the  lower  line  in  the  double-ruling,  thus : 

^- ..  X  X  X  !    I    !    1  /  /  /  / 

3.  The  power,  or  simple  sound,  of  each  sign,  must  now  be 
learned,  and  this  may  be  most  readily  done  as  follows: 
Beneath  each  sign  will  be  placed  a  key-word,  with  a  hyphen 
just  before  the  letter,  or  letters,  representing  the  last  sound 
in  the  word;  and  if  the  learner  will  pronounce  each  word  as 
iar  as  the  hyphen,  then  pause,  and  in  a  moment  give  the  final 
sound  by  itself,  that  sound  will  be  the  unvarying  power  of  the 
shorthaijd  sign  above  the  word.     Thus; 

\       \        !        I        /       /       _      _ 

To-pe         TO-ht>,        fa-<c      fa-rfe,       6&-ch         a-(/c,         lo-efc  lo-g 

Of  course  the  final  e  in  rcpc,  robe  fate,  fade,  and  in  age,  is 
silent;  the  ch  in  each,  and  the  ck  in  lock,  represent  single 
sounds;  and  the  g  in  ago  has  the  name  sound  as^  injox. 

The  drill  on  the  key-words  should  be  repeated  until  the 
pure  sound  of  each  sign  can  be  given  by  itself,  without  hesita- 
tion ;  and,  in  spelling  out  words  in  reading  exercises,  the  sounds 
of  the  signs  should  generally  be  employed,  in  preference  to 
their  names. 

COMBDTIXG   TIIC  COXSOXAXTS. 

4.  When  a  word  requires  two  or  more  consonant  signs,  they 
should  all  be  written  without  lifting  the  pen,  continuing  from 
one  stroke  into  another,  until  all  are  formed,  thus: 


1I7 


=FX=X 


The  first  downward  stroke  should  stop  on  the  bottom  line, 
and  when  another  one  occurs  in  the  same  word  it  should  be 
continued  on  below,  as  the  tail  of  a  letter  in  longhand 
writing. 


OF  PHOXOGUAPHY.  23 


The  following,  and  all  other  reading  exercises,  after  beii^g 
read  once  or  twice  by  sound,  siiould  also  be  copied  into  the 
learner's  copy-book,  the  pupil  speaking  the  sounds  of  the  signs 
as  he  copies  them.  In  doing  thi;?,  cither  the  powers  of  the  let- 
ters may  be  used  as,  p  I,  h p,  t  k,  &c.,  or  the  names,  pe  la, 
ka  pe,  te  ka,  &c.;  in  class  teaching  the  latter  method  is  the 
better,  after  having  drilled  the  learners  well  in  six?aking  the 
simple  powers  of  the  letters. 

5.  In  copying  this  exercise,  observe  that  the  place  of  begin- 
ning each  form,  or  outline,  of  a  word  containing  a  perpen- 
dicular or  inclined  stroke,  is  just  above  the  top  ruled  line. 
If  paper  contiining  single  ruling  is  used,  begin  writing  these 
strokes  their  length  above  the  line. 

Keadixg  axd  Writing  Exercise  L 


A. 


=7—2^-^ 


In  writing  the  following  exercise,  from  print,  frequent  ref- 
erence to  §  1  and  §  4  will  be  necessary  for  a  time,  in  order 
to  insure  correctness.  If  doubt  should  arise  as  to  the  projxr 
ijhorthand  sign  to  be  used  for  any  letter,  it  may  be  settled  at 
"Dnce  by  consulting  §  3. 

It  is  a  g(X)d  plan,  after  having  written  any  combination  of 
strokes  correctly,  to  repeat  it  several  times  before  going  on  to 
the  next  one.  ^ 

Writixg  Exercise  I. 
tk         dk         cli-k         jk         kg         g-ch 
kt         kd         k-ch         kj         kk         gk 
th-p      tb  bt  j)-ch      d-ch       jb 


pk 

bk 

kp 

kb 

pb 

td 

24  ECLECTIC   JIAXUAL 


LONG  VOWELS. 

G.  The  six  primary  or  long  vowels  of  the  English  language, 
for  practical  purposes,  are  thus  arranged,  in  conformity  some- 
what with  the  scientific  classification  of  the  elementary  sounds 
of  the  language.  The  sounds  are  indicated  by  the  following 
letters  and  the  words  beneath: 


All 

A 

E 

AW 

0 

00 

arm 

ale 

eel 

awl 

old 

ooze 

Tlie  first  three  sounds  are  represented  by  a  heavy  dot,  placed 
at  the  beginning,  middle,  or  end,  of  a  consonant;  and  the  last 
three  by  a  short,  heavy  dash  in  the  same  position.    Thus: 

AH  A  E  AW  0  00 

G-rm  «-le  cc-l  aiu-l  o-ld  oo-ze 

The  shorthand  sign  1  in  connection  with  the  dots  and  dash-, 
es  above,  is  used  merely  to  indicate  their  position  to  any  con- 
sonant. 

7.  The  sounds  of  these  dots  and  dashes  may  be  learned  by 
first  pronouncing  the  key-words  underneath,  noticing  the  first 
or  vowel  sound  in  each;  then,  by  pronouncing  each  word  as  far 
as  the  hyphen  only,  the  pro^xjr  sound  of  the  shorthand  vowel 
sign  will  be  heard. 

8.  Thic  vowel  scale  should  be  repeated  over  and  over,  thus: 
"AU,  A,  E,  heavy  dots;  aw,  O,  oo,  heavy  dashes,"  until  they 
can  be  as  readily  recalled  as  the  figures  1,  2,  3,  etc.  They  may 
be  described  as  follows:  ah  is  the  first-place  heavy  dot;  a  is 
the  second-place  heavy  dot:  E  is  the  third-phice  heavy  dot;  AW 
is  the  first-place  heavy  dash;  o  is  the  second-place  heavy 
d.ioh ;  oo  is  the  third-place  heavy  dash. 


OF   PHOXOGBAPIIY. 


VOWEL   PLACES. 

9.  To  aid  the  learner  in  understanding  the  three  positions 
in  which  the  vowel  signs  are  written  to  the  several  consonant 
strokes,  and  to  remember  their  order,  the  following  illustra- 
tions are  presented : 

Before   CoM«onan(». 

x  V  X  'I  ''   \  y  V  x/  ^- ? ^ 

\  »\  3^  I  I  3I  '  /  1/  

After   CiiHsonants, 

\    X   \»   P    I'    i,    /'  A  '4  —  -^  -^ 

VOCALIZING  SINGLE  CONSONANTS. 

10.  In  vocalizing  the  consonants,  that  is,  in  placing  the 
vowels  to  them,  the  dots  and  dashes  should  be  written  near 
the  strokes,  but  not  so  that  they  will  join;  thus,  j^  tea,  ^  age, 
\  pa.    The  dashes  should   be  written   at   right  angles,  or 

nearly  so,  with  the  consonants,  as,  \  paxc,  "^  go,  /^jaw. 

Inclined  .signs  are  regarded  as  perpendicular,  Avith  reference 
to  the  reading  or  placing  of  vowels  before  or  after  them. 

11.  If  the  vowel  is  to  be  read  first,  we  place  it  before  or  to 
the  left  of  vertical  and  inclined  consonants,  and  a:bove  horizon- 
tal ones;  thus:  I  enl,  X  ape,  _!_  oak;  if  the  vowel  is  to  be  read 
after  the  consonant,  we  place  it  after,  or  to  the  right  of  ver- 
tical and  inclined  consonants,  and  below  horizontal  ones ;  thus : 
I  •  il^iy,  T-  gay,  X   Joe,  — .  i^y. 

12.  The  following  exercise  should  be  read  over  frequently, 
till  the  learner  acquires  the  correct  sounds  of  the  vowels,  and 
their  consecutive  order. 


26  ECLEfTIC   MANUAL 


Reading  and  Writing  Exerose  II. 

Worda  in  which  the    Vowels  follow  the  Conaoiiantt. 

\         \         \         -\        ^  V 

pa                 pay                pea              paw            bow  pooh 

\      I-      \-      r      I-  I- 

bah              day                 bee              taw             loe  two 

/          /       /^        A  L 

jay               gee             jaw            joe  do 

-r-                ^^         ^             -r  -T 

gay               key           caw              go  coo 

Yoxoels  preceding   Consonants, 

•I     .^       y       —  -^ 

ate        each                age                 eke  ache 


I 


I 


ought  oat  awed  owed  ope         oak 

VOCAUZIIfG  COMBINED  CONSONANTS. 

13.  The  spelling,  and  manner  of  writing,  the  following  words 
may  be  studied  first  with  the  aid  of  the  key  underneath  ;  after 
which  it  is  a  good  plan  to  lay  a  strip  of  paper  over  the  key 
and  read  without  the  aid  of  the  pri»ted  words ;  then  reverse 
the  process ;  lay  the  paper  over  the  shorthand  line,  and  write 
in  phonography  from  the  printed  copy,  and  afterward  compare 
your  own  with  the  forms  here  given. 


OF   PHOXOGEAPHY. 


27 


Readixq  and  Wiutixo  Exercise  III. 

L      "^         11      "^  "^ 

peak         keep           take         gate           talk         coat  coop 

z.    'z     n    z^     A     -n  -^ 

clieek        cage        caught    clialk          joke           goat  cake 


^      ^        1- 


^      \.    ^ 


beat  paid         date         tauglit        boat        pope        boot. 

Writing  Exercise  II. 

Pa,  pay,  day,  gay,  bay;  tea,  bee,  key;  aid,  ache,  age,  cat; 
each;  paw,  bow,  booh,  taw,  toe,  two,  dough,  do,  chaw,  joe, 
caw,  go,  coo. 

REVIEW  OF  THE  FIRST  LESSON. 

(See^l.)  "What  are  the  names  of  the  straight  consonant  signs? 
What  are  they  termed?  (^3)  Repeat  the  powers  of  these  signs. 
( jj  4.  »  When  two  or  more  consonants  are  required  in  a  word,  how  are 
they  written?  (^5.)  Where  do  you  begin  to  write  perpendicular  or 
inclined  strokes?  (iJ  6)  How  many  simple  long  vowels  are  there  in  the 
English  language?  Repeat  them.  ^^8)  How  are  the  first  three  repre- 
sented? The  last  three?  (§10.)  How  are  the  dash  vowels  written 
with  reference  to  the  consonants?  (  §  11.)  How  are  the  vowcla  written 
to  the  consonants  with  reference  to  reading  the  same? 


28  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


\minh  Jinsm. 


CONTINUANT  CONSONANTS. 

14.  The  second  division  of  consonant  signs  is  given  below, 
preceded  by  their  names,  and  followed  by  a  line  of  key-words 
beneath,  indicating  their  several  sounds: 

cF 


Ve 

iTH 

THe 

cS 

Zo 

iSH 

ZHa 

^ 

( 

( 

) 

) 

J 

J 

a-ee 

oa-fAe 

losL-the 

bu-«« 

bu-za 

rn-sh 

a-zure 

sa-/e 

The  learner  must  pursue  the  same  course,  in  order  to  obtain 
the  simple  sounds  of  these  signs,  as  he  did  with  the  explodents 
in§  2. 

15.  When  the  sounds  of  these  signs  are  comprehended,  and 
they  can  be  readily  made,  their  consecutive  order  should  be 
well  memorized,  and  the  position  of  each  sign  well  fixed  in  the 
mind,  so  that  they  will  not  be  confounded  with  the  additional 
curved  signs  which  are  yet  to  be  learned ;  after  which  the 
following  exercise  may  be  traced,  and  then  copied  from 
memory,  repeating  the  sound  of  each  sign  while  doing  so. 
They  are  all  written  from  top  downward,  except  that,  in  com- 
bination with  other  signs,  ^  is  occasionally  written  upward, 

F.  V:     V.»^      V*^      V_^     V_^      'v.V      V^^      V,*<. 
Th,TH:   (  (        (    (         (  (         (  (        (  (  (  (        (   ( 

s    Z=       )  )        )  )         )  )  )  )        )  )         )  )        )  ) 

Sh,Zh:    J  J     J  J     yj     J  J     J  J     J  J     J  J 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  29 


16.  These  curved  signs  are  combined  with  each  other,  and 
with  the  straight  strokes,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  straight 
strokes  are  united  one  with  another  in  ^  4,  page  22.  The  dash 
vowel  signs  are  also  placed  to  them  in  about  the  same  way,  viz: 
at  right  angles  to  the  curve. 

Reading  and  Writing  Exerctse  IV. 

v..   ^c    r     ).    >    r    -J     ^' 

fee        foe        thaw      see  say        saw        slie  sliaw 

J-.     J^        .)      'S       -)      <         ->       'L 

show     shoe        ease        eve        owes      oath  ooze         ask 

^    ^    ^     ^    <     ^'      r^ 

feed        fade        faith        food        sheep       shape       sliade 

M    >  <i   ^    ^  S-  ^ 


shake      path    bathe  shave     sheaf        thief       veto       evoke 

LIQUIDS,  NASALS,  AMBIGUES,  AND  ASPIRATE. 

17.  The  remainder  of  the  consonants  can  not  be  grouped  as 
those  heretofore  given ;  nor  do  they  exist  in  pairs  of  whispered 
and  vocal;  therefore  they  must  be  learned  as  independent 
signs.  The  pure  sounds  of  these  signs  should  be  learned  as  the 
others  have  been,  and  as  indicated  below: 

Liquids.  Nasals. 


eL       aR 

Ray 

eM       eN 

ING 

r    "^ 

y 

^—^            v_. 

^^ 

iull         far 

row 

seem      seen 

Slug 

Ambigues. 

{   ^ 

r 

lea 

Aspirate. 

'     "0  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


18.  L  f  is  written  upward,  when  the  only  stroke  conso- 
nant in  a  word,  and  generally  so  in  combination  with  others; 
but  it  is  written  downward,  in  combination,  when  it  is  more 
convenient  to  do  so. 

19.  ^  ^  is  written  downward,  and  Rmj  -^ ^  as  an  alter- 
nate, is  written  upward.  It  is  distinguished  from  Clmy  /', 
first,  in  the  fact  that  Ray  is  more  inclined  than  Chay,  and 
second,  because  the  former  is  always  written  upward  and  the 
latter  always  downward,  and  the  direction  in  which  they  are 
written  is  in  most  cases  apparent. 

20.  M  ,— s ,  n  .—X  ,   «5'  ^-^ ,  are  written  from  left  to  right. 

21.  Way  ^\  and  Yea  ^  are  written  downward,  as  are 
all  heavy  perpendicular  and  inclined  strokes. 

22.  Hay  /  is  always  written  upward;  but  a  down-stroke 
form  of  it,  /  ,  is  sometimes  employed. 

23.  Now  trace  the  following  lines  with  a  pointer,  repeating 
the  sound  of  each  sign  in  doing  so ;  afterwards  copy  them  with 
pencil  or  pen : 

i^rrrrrrrr 
^   ^    ^    ^    ^    ^     ^    ^ 


i>g  -^ 

""-^ 

"-^ 

^■^ 

"-^ 

' — " 

^-^ 

"^^ 

w  ^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

"> 

^ 

Y  r 

r 

r 

r 

r 

r 

r 

r 

H    / 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

OF  PHONOGEATHY. 


;^ 


24.  To  (listinguLih  between  the  upward  and  downward  ,^, 
when  speaking  of  them,  the  ui)-stroke  is  called  Lay,  and  the 
down-stroke,  EL 

2o.  In  the  following  exercise  observe  that  the  first-place 
vowels  ah  and  aw,  are  written  to  /  /'  r  /^  and  A  j/  ^^  tlic 
place  where  you  begin  to  write  them,  viz:  on  the  line ;  the  rule 
being,  that  the  first-place  position  of  a  consonant  is  at  the  end 
where  you  begin  to  form  it,  and  the  third-place  where  you 
finish  it. 

First  read,  and  then  write,  as  described  in  §  6. 

EeaDIXG  AXD  WKlXDfG  EXERCISE  V. 


lay 


r 

x 

(^' 

A- 

r\^ 

lea 

law 

low 

leap 

leaf 

""•\ 

"^ 

> 

•  \ 

^ 

air 

ear 

oar 

arm 

meal 

league 


male 


calm         maim  came  name  fame  meek 

ream  roam         room      knave         kneel  nail  cool 


V     XT     -^ 

l^el        pale  ball  jwle  gore  luice        loam 


woe 


woke  wake 


yea  hay  hail 


32  ECLECTIC  MA]N'UAL 


Wkiting  Exercise  III. 

Ark    lark,  par,  tar,  far,  laugh,  jar. 

Pale,  bail,  tale,  tame,  dame,  lake,  lave,  latlie,  faith,  vague, 
shame,   game,  female,  became. 

Peel,  beam,  team,  deem,  tear,  theme,  fear,  veer,  revere, 
relieve. 

Paul,  tall,  fall,  gall,  shawl,  {upstrohe  ^  and  (^  )  shoal,  (<fo.) 

Pour,  door,  tore,  toll,  load,  loaf,  loathe,  both,  comb,  foam, 
shore,  also. 

Tomb,  tooth,  booth,  loop,  loom,  room. 

Wrath,  raid,  rage,  reap,  wreath,  wreathe,  reel,  wrought, 
wrote,  road,  roar,  {double-length  upstroJx^,  root,  retail.  Arch, 
park,  porch,  torch.     Heap,  heal,  hero,  halo. 

REVIEW  OF  THE  SECOND  LESSON. 
( Sec  §  14. )  What  are  the  names  of  the  first  eight  curved  consonants? 
What  are  they  termed  ?  Eopcat  their  powers.  (^15.)  In  what  direc- 
tion are  they  written  ?  (§16.)  IIow  are  the  dash  vowels  written  to  the 
curved  consonant-s  ?  (§17.)  What  are  the  names  of  the  liquid  conson- 
ants? Of  the  nasals?  (§  18, 19.)  How  are  these  liquids  written?  Give 
their  sounds.  (§  20. )  How  are  the  nasals  written  ?  Give  their  sounds. 
( j^  17.  )  What  are  the  names  and  sounds  of  the  ambig-ues  ?  What  of  tlie 
aspirate?  (§  21,  22. )  How  are  these  sii^s  written?  (^  19.)How  are  p/wy 
and  ray  distin^^uished?  (§  25.)  Where  is  the  first-place  vowel  written 
to  lai/,  raj  and  ia^?    Where  the  third-place? 


OF   PHONOGRAPHY.  33    ' 


H^irit  "^iusm. 


SHORT   VOWELS. 

25.  The  student  having  become  familiar  -with  the  arrange- 
ment and  manner  of  writing  the  long  vowels',  it  will  now  be 
an  easy  matter  for  him  to  understand  and  use  the  following 
scale  of  short  vowels : 

■j  a         -i  6        j  i       ~i  5        -I  ii        J  66 

An  in       at  ell  it  odd  up  foot 

The  six  vowel  signs  above  given  approximate  so  nearly  in 
quality  to  those  given  in  §  4,  the  main  difTcrence  being  length 
or  fullness,  that  they  are  represented  in  precisely  the  same 
manner,  excepting  that  the  signs  are  made  lighter.  * 

♦  In  England,  where  Phonography  had  its  origin,  the  six  long  and 
six  short  vowels  thus  presented,  arc  all  the  simple  vocal  elements 
recognized  in  good  pronunciation.  In  this  country,  however,  our 
standard  dictionaries,  Webster  and  Worcester,  recognize  and  mark 
three  additional  vowel  sounds;  as  heard  in  the  words:  (l)  fink,  last: 
{2  )  nir,  their:  i3)  her,  sir.  The  first  being  a  medial  sound,  between 
the  vowels  in  arm  and  at,  may  be  appropriately  rei>resented  by  length- 
ening   the    first-placo    light    dot   into  a  light  parallel    dash ;    thus : 

I aik,      V''^      aroma.      The  second    teing    regarded  by    most 

authors  as  a  modification  of  long  n,  (Webster  having  marked  it  so 
until  quite  recently  1,  may  be  represented  by  lengthening  the  middle- 
place  heavy  dot  into  a  parallel  dash  :  thus  :    \_^   p"ii',       IL  dure. 

The  third  being  regarded  by  refined  speakers  as  a  slight  lengthening  of 
the  short  vowel  in  met,  and  by  others  as  the  vowel  in  up,  modified  by 
the  following  r,  it  may  be  appropriately  represented  by  the  middle-place 
light  dash,  written  parallel  to  the  stem;  thus:    '^'^      ♦rr,  '^ fir. 


In   ordinary  writing,  however,  it  is  not  necessary  to  make  these  nice 


'     34  ECLKCTIC  MANUAL 


20.  The  proper  sounds  of  these  dots  and  dashes,  in  their  several 
positions,  must  he  well  memorized.  They  may  be  learned  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  long  vowels  were  learned,  by  first 
pronouncing  the  key- words  underneath,  and  then  beginning 
to  pronounce  them  but  omitting  to  sound  the  consonants. 
They  are  designated  thus:  a  is  the  first-place  light  dot;  e  is 
the  second-place  light  dot ;  l  is  the  third-place  light  dot ;  d  is 
the  first-place  light  dash ;  H,  is  the  second-place  light  dash ;  do 
is  the  third-place  light  dash. 

27.  As  a  general  thing  it  is  more  convenient,  and  except  in 
analyzing  words  it  is  just  as  well,  to  name  the  short  vowels 
with  the  consonant  t  after  them;  thus:  at,  et,  it,  ot,  ut,  oot. 


COMPLETE   VOWEL   SCALE. 

28.  Another  method  of  drill,  in  attaining  the  correct  sounds 
of  the  short  vowels,  is  to  utter  them  in  connection  with  the 

long   vowels,   as  in  the   following   table,   thus;  "ah i," 

"  aye  -  -  -  &,"  «  e  -  -  -  i,"  "  aw  -  -  -  6,"  "  oh  -  -  -  fi,"  "do---  66." 
Repeat^the  scale  in  this  manner,  over  and  over  again : 


1  st  place, 

•j  ah  -    -    -    - 

•jii 

~j  aAv   -    - 

-       1  ^ 

2d  place, 

J  a         -    -    - 

•16 

-1  oh    -    - 

-    -|  ii 

3d  place, 

Je    -    -    -    - 

\1 

'  6o  -    - 

1  oo 

29.  The  following  exercise  on  the  short  vowels  should  be 
practiced  till  their  consecutive  order  is  well  mastered,  and  the 
position  of  each  sound  can  be  told  without  hesitation. 

diatinctions  :  hence,  we  represent  these  vowels  by  the  dots  and  dashes 
presented  above.  Those  who  wish  to  represent  these  shade  vowels  can 
do  so  as  here  indicated. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY, 


35 


Reading  and  Writing  Exercise  VL 


_i 


at,  et,  it, 

\  \  \ 

ab,  cb,  ib, 

pack,  tack,      jack,  fag, 

peck,  deck,    check,  leg,        neck,       Dell,     bell,        hedge. 


ot,                    nt,  oot, 

\         X  \ 

ob,                 ub,  oob, 

lag,  rag,      lap,  hat. 


.L  z. 


^^ 


pick,    tick,      chick,          fig,  lick,        nib,  big,          rig, 

dock,        cob,       lock,        poll,  knock,      rock,  fog,      hobby, 

duck,        cub,      luck,       dull,  numb,       ruui,  buggy,    ruddy, 

took,       book,      look,         bull,  nook,    shook,  rook,     bully, 

air,      fare,        lath,      launch,  rare,        early,  earthly,       firm. 

Writing  Exercise  IV. 
Add,  am,  back,  lack,  rack,  rap,  catch,  liatch,  hang. 
Ebb,  edge,  egg,  bell,  tell,  dell,  red,  ready,  head. 
Pit,  tip,  pill,  pick,  dip,  mill,  gill,  hill. 
Odd,  off,  got,  shock,  lock,  mock,  folly,  body. 
Up,  us,  cut,  luck,  love,  jug,  mug,  rug,  putty,  lucky. 
Pull,  took,  look,  cook,  pully,  fully. 
Asp,  data,  Cuba;  bear,  share,  repair;  earth,  early,  mercy. 


'^ 


36 

ECLECTIC  MANUAL 

1    I 
As  in  tee, 

DIPHTHONGS. 

1   01                /,!    ow 
ail,                     ovA, 

mule. 

30.  The  sounds  of  these  diphthongal  signs  are  apparent  from 
a  glance  at  the  key-words  underneath.  The  form  of  the  sign 
of  the  first  three  is  essentially  the  same,  the  only  difference 
being  in   position  and  the  direction  in  which  it  is  written. 

(1.)  ^\Tien  written  with  the  point  downward,  the  angular 
sign  represents  the  first  sound  in  ice,  which  is  a  close  com- 
bination of  ^  and  i :  thus;  ^)  ice,  ^"^  pie,  (^  lit. 

(2.)  When  written  with  the  point  slanting  upward  to  the 
right,  in  the  first-place,  it  represents  the  first  sound  in  oil, 
which  is  a  close  combination  of  5  and  i;  thus:  /i/^  oil,  ^  hoy, 

/''joy- 

(3.)  When  written  in  the  third-place,  with  the  point  up- 
ward, it  represents  the  first  sound  in  our,  which  is  a  close  com- 
bination of  ah  and  (i(5:  thus:  ^  our,  cow. 

A 

(4.)  The  fourth  of  the  series  is  represented  by  a  small  half 
circle,  written  in  the  third-place;  thus:  L  <^««>  V^  Jew.* 

31.  These  diphthongs  being  all  compound  sounds  are  appro- 
priately represented  by  compound  signs,  and  necessarily,  too, 
as  the  simple  signs  have  all  been  appropriated  by  the  simple 

*  Theoretically  most  Americans  who  hare  made  the  subject  of  pro- 
nunciation a  study,  hold  that  the  diphthong  in  due,  lute,  suit,  we»r,  etc., 
is  not  exactly  the  same  as  that  heard  in  unite,  Europe,  Eicing,  disunion, 
etc.  They  say  that  the  former  is  a  pure  diphthong,  resulting  from  a 
close  coalescing  of  I  and  66,  or  1  and  66,  thus  :  ioo ;  while  the  latter  is 
a  combination  of  the  consonant  y  and  oo,  thus  :  yoo.  The  very  critical 
phonographic  writers  in  this  country,  therefore,  represent  the  pure 
diphthong  thus :   |>  due,         ^  cific;  but  the   mixed   diphthong  yoo 

thus:  vl  VniVe.  Practically,  however,  it  is  not  desirable  to  make 
this  nice  distinction,  as  learners  can  not  appreciate  it,  and  skillful 
writers  rarely  insert  either  sign. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  37 


sounds,  \\nien  written  alone,  or  to  a  single  stem,  is  regarded 
as  a  first-place  sign,  but  as  tlierc  is  no  danger  of  its  being  mis- 
taken for  either  of  the  other  signs,  it  is  often  written  in  the 
middle-place,  or  even  in  the  third-place,  when  more  con- 
venient; thus:\/^  pilCf  Lj^  deny,  ^ like. 

32.  The  sign  '  is,  of  course,  written  for  the  pronoun  /;  and 
the  sign  ^  for  the  pronoun  yon, 

Eeadlkg  Exebcise  L 

\    r    U  V  V^  A.  A  w^  r^ 

\  r  /'  \'^  r  ^^  u  y'  ^ 

V  ^«  (a  V  "7  /<!   ^.^  ~^r 

Writixo  Exercise  V. 

Pie,  die,   fie,   vie,   thigh,  sigh,  shy,   lie,  nigh,  pike,  like, 
type,  ripe,  defy,  rely. 
Boy,  joy,  decoy,  annoy,  enjoy. 
Cow,  vow,  sow,  out,  owl,  fowl,  mow,  allow. 
Due,  dupe,    cube,  few,  pure,  fume,  mule,  jury,  fury. 

RULES  FOR  VOCALEZIXG.  » 

33.  The  following  rules  will  guide  the  learner  to  the  best 
method  of  placing  the  vowel  signs: 

(1.)  In  vocalizing  or  inserting  the  vowels  of  words  com- 
posed of  two  or  more  consonants,  it  is  important  to  keep  the 
vowel  signs  away  from  the  inside  of  angles,  as  in  such  posi- 
tions it  is  impossible  to  tell  to  which  stroke  they  belong; 
therefore,  when  a  first-place  vowel  comes  between  two  conso- 
nants it  is  placed  immediately  after  the  first;  as   v—-.  balm^ 


448541 


38  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


not    before    the    second    consonant,   thus: 
not  L_  ,  which  might  be  tick  as  well  as  tack. 

(2.)  A  second-place  vowel  coming  between  two  consonants, 
if  it  is  long,  is  also  written  after  the  firet;  as  ^H  gate, 
P~x  dome;  but  if  short,  it  is  written  before  the  second;  as 
~~~\  get,  \x^  dumb;  by  which  means  the  sounds  of  the  middle- 
place  vowels  may  be  determined,  if  they  should  not  be  clearly 
indicated  by  the  size  of  the  vowel  dot  or  dash. 

(3.)    Third-place   vowels,   whether  long  or  short,  coming 

between   two  consonants,  are  written  before  the  second;  as 

X  keep, -aot       '\  ;     I    duty,  not  p  j  N  boot,  \ !  hook. 

(4.)  In  words  beginning  with  the  prefix  syllables  be-,  de-, 
re-,  the  vowel  sign  may  be  omitted,  with  the  understanding 
that  when  the  consonants  b,  d  and  r  are  written  without  a 
vowel  sign  they  are  to  be  read  as  though  the  vowel  e  were 
there;  thus;  \/v   belie,   K    depot,  /\^        revoke. 

(5.)  If  two  vowels  come  between  two  consonants,  the  first 
one  uttered  is  written  to  the  first  stroke,  and  the  next  one  to 
the  second;     v-s  poem. 

(6.)  If  two  vowels,  or  a  diphthong  and  vowel,  precede  the 
first  or  only  consonant  in  a  word,  the  first  one  uttered  is  writ- 
ten farther  from  it  than  the  second;  thus;  'I  iota ;  if  a  word 
terminate  with  two,  the  last  is  written  farthest  from  the  conso- 
nant sign;  as  f^  Ohio. 

(7.)  WJien  the  diphthong  '"'  begins  a  word,  it  may  often  be 
united  with  the  consonant  following  without  lifting  the  pen  ; 
as  /  icy.  When  the  diphthong  a  or  «  is  the  final  sound 
in  a  word,  it  may  often  be  written  to  the  preceding  conso- 
nant without  lifting  the  pen ;  thus ;  [,  due,  V^  few,  \\   bow, 


OF  PUOXOGEAPHY. 


39 


34.  In  reading  words  containing  two  or  more  consonants,  it 
must  be  observed  that  each  stroke,  and  the  vowel  sign  or  signs 
placed  to  it,  must  be  read  precisely  as  they  would  be  if  they 
stood  unconnected  with  other  consonant  strokes:  thus  \'^  . 
read  in  this  way  would  be  analyzed  thus:  \/    J  — '-  pol-it^c; 

and  y^'A^  thus:  [^  Vv  ter4fi/.  This  analysis,  in  the  mind, 
will  be  necessary  only  for  a  short  time,  until  the  learner  can 
read  words  from  their  general  appearance. 


EEADI^G  Exercise  II. 


\^  V  t^rx^^.  n^-  ^ 


Writixg  Exercise  ■\^. 

Bar,  bake,  bare,  peach,  palm,  paid,  pale,  pair,  peal,  tar, 
tame,  tare,  team,  tear,  dale,  dare,  deed,  chair,  cheap,  car, 
cape,  keel,  share,  shore,  ark,  arm,  farm,  fair,  laugh,  lake, 
delay,  became,  defame,  defy,  weigh,  awake,  holy. 

Badly,  valley,  heavy,  ahead,  lazy,  funny,  fellow,  mellow, 
miller,  honey,  hilly. 

Chide,  chime,  fire,  abide,  alive,  allowed,  boiler,  filer. 

May  I  write  my  name?  You  may  now  read.  I  enjoy  our 
ride.     You  may  leave  my  room.     I  love  my  lively  boy. 


40  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


REVIEW  OF   THE    THIRD   LESSON. 

(?25. )  How  do  the  short  vowels  differ  from  the  long?  (?  26.)  Give 
the  sounds  of  the  first  three.  How  are  they  written?  The  last 
three?  (?27. )  What  are  the  names  of  the  short  vowels?  (!J28.) 
Sound  the  long  and  short  dot  vowels  in  conjunction.  (J  30. )  What  are 
the  sounds  of  the  diphthongs?  How  written?  (J  31.)  How  may  the 
sign  /  be  written,  as  to  place?  (^32.)  Which  of  the  diphthongs  are 
word-sign'^?  (^33.)  When  a  first-place  vowel  comes  between  two 
consonants,  to  which  is  it  written?  To  which  are  the  middle-place 
vowels  written?  Third-place?  When  may  the  first-place  vowel  e  be 
omitted?  When  two  vowel  sounds  come  between  two  consonants,  how 
are  their  signs  written?  When  two  vowels  precede  or  follow  a  conso- 
nant, how  are  the  signs  written?  Which  of  the  diphthongs  may  be 
joined  to  consonant  stems,  and  when? 


OF  PHOXOGKAPHY.  41 


%nnvili  Jft$$0it. 


THE  S  AKD  Z  CIRCLE,  ST  LOOP,  ETC. 

The  fact  that  «  and  z  represent  sounds  of  very  frequent 
occurrence,  renders  it  necessary,  in  order  to  secure  the  greatest 
brevity  and  lineality  in  writing,  that  they  be  furnished  with 
an  additional  sign.  Indeed  each  subsequent  lesson  is  but  to 
introduce  some  more  abbreviated  method  of  writing,  which, 
while  it  seems  to  render  the  system  more  complex,  adds  to  it 
new  beauty  as  well  as  value. 

35.  The  second  forms  for  »  and  z  are,  a  small  circle,  made 
light  for  the  former,  and  thickened  on  one  side  for  the  latter; 
thus;  OS,  cz;  the  thickening  of  the  z-circle,  however,  is 
scarcely  ever  necessary,  as  the  sense  will  nearly  always  indi- 
cate whether  the  circle  should  he  8  or  z.  Where  precision  is 
requisite,  the  stroke  z  should  be  used. 

The  "circle-ess,"  as  it  is  called,  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
stroke  )  «,  is  used  much  more  frequently  than  the  latter;  it  is 
employed,  however,  only  in  connection  with  stroke  consonants, 
except  as  word-signs.  It  affords  a  most  wonderful  facility  for 
joining  both  straight  and  curved  strokes,  and  in  a  graceful 
and  fluent  manner. 

36  The  table  on  the  following  page  will  assist  the  learner  to 
fix  in  his  mind  the  mode  of  writing  the  circle  to  each  of  the 
long  signs;  it  will  also  be  of  service  for  reference  in  writing 
out  the  exercises  in  the  writing  lesson. 


42  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


TABLE  OF  THE  CIRCLE  S. 
\    sp   \    sb    1°    St   r    sd  /^  8-ch  /^  sj    Q_  sk    c—   pg 

\^    sf  v^    sv  (j    s-th   \    s-th    )    m    )    &z  ^  s-sh   ^  s-zh 
^      si    "    \  sr    ^     sr    ;5-^  sm    q_^     sn    q.^    sng     ^    sw 

36.  The  y  and  h  signs  never  take  an  initial  circle,  but  it  is 
written  to  the  termination  of  each;  thus:  g  ys,  /  /is.  The 
table  represents  the  circle  written  only  at  the  initial  end  of 
the  strokes,  whereas  it  may   be  written  at  either  end  or  at 

both  ends;  thus:  Xq/w,  o  ks,  ^— j,  me,     3  «•«,  ^  sts,  q_s>  stis; 

and  it  is  also  written  between  stroke  consonants;  as  J —   ts/:, 
^^■'^X  rsp,  —^^   ffsls,  ^"^^    snsnt. 

37.  Observe  that  the  circle  is  written  only  on  the  right-hand 
side  of  perpendicular  and  inclined  straight  strokes,  including 
upstroke  r,  which  is  nearer  horizontal  than  vertical;  and  on 
the  inner  or  concave  sides  of  curved  signs. 

38.  When  the  circle  comes  between  two  strokes,  it  is  turned 
in  the  shortest  and  easiest  way ;  thus,  between  two  straight 
strokes  forming  an  angle,  it  is  turned  outside,  as  ^ bsl:, 

tsp;  between  two  curved  strokes,  turning  in  opposite  direc- 


< 


tions,  it  is  turned  on  the  inside  of  the  first ;  as  -— 2^^_^  msn, 
^^  msv.  In  a  few  instances  it  is  necessary  to  make 
exceptions  to  this  last  rule,  in  order  to  keep  consonants  from 
running  too  far  below  the  line  of  writing;  as  ^L^^.  facility, 
\^.^o7  nosology. 

39.  In  vocalizing  words  in  which  the  circle  «  is  used,  the 
vowel  signs  are  placed  to  the  strokes  before  which  or  after 
which  they  are  heard,  just  as  if  they  had  no  circle  attached  ; 
as,    ,1  eat,     \    suit,       /C    low,     Q*    slow,  —~    key,    — o   keys, 

.  I    succeed. 


or  PHOKOOBAFUY.  43 


40.  In  reading  words  containing  the  circle  «,  if  there  is  an 
initial  circle,  it  is  read  tirst,  as  it  is  written  first ;  next  ihe 
vowel  sign  preceding  the  stroke,  if  there  be  one;  then  the 
stroke;  the  vowel-sign  following  the  stroke;  and  la.«tly  the 
final   circle;  thus:    j    mid,   y^  guppote,     \^   fpice,   ^   lificfi, 

41 .  It  is  sometimes  imjxtreible  to  insert  correctly  the  third- 
phice  vowels  in  the  forms  for  words  in  which  the  circle  » 
occurs,  in  which  cases  they  are  omitted,  as  in  Rule  4  for 
vocalizing,  page  38;  thus:  ^^  ^^  brtiime,  J-^  denrout, 
J-<\  disrobe,  ■''"i^  rciftore.  These  omissions  are  in  accord- 
ance with  the  practice  of  advanced  writers,  who  omit  all 
except  the  accented  voxels,  reporters  omitting  all  vowels- 

Keadixg  Exerctse  IIL 

p    £  ^  ^  6r  ^    f  ,p  /^'  c^  9^   /P 

1^^      vV  ^        (^-^'       iLy         Q^       ^       "^y       /^'\ 

^-  Vto^-  ff^  <3  tr-  £^"  '^  >J. 
h  ^  i^  is  xt-/^^/^  ■^  .^ 
<^x  .^  Vp  V  oV^i  u^  t.  v^  c 

WRiri^TG  EXEKCISE  VIL 


n 


Spy,  sky,  stay,  slay,  sly,  sway,  snow. 

Pays,  bows,  days,  dose,  lays,  laws,  loose,  rays,  rose,  ways, 
woes,  amase.  Peace,  tease,  cheese,  choose,  keys,  cause,  geese, 
goes.    Face,  fees,  sees,  size,  lease,  release. 

Sap,  sip,  sob,    sop,    soap,   soup;   Kige,   side,   said,    sowed, 


44  ECLECTIC  MAKUAL 


siege,  such,  seek,  soak,  south,  sash,  sell,  soul,  same,  sum, 
sign,  soon,  sink,  sunk. 

Spade,  speed,  spoke,  scheme,  sphere,  sleep,  slack,  smoke, 
smell,  scale,  swell,  swill,  swam,  swollow. 

Bestow,  beset,  deceit,  decide,  task,  bask,  ga^p,  rasp,  mask, 
wasp;  space,  specify,  stays,  skies,  suffice,  slice,  recite,  denies, 
reason,  chosen,  hasten,  mason,  noisily,  physiology. 

LARGE  CIRCLE  SEZ— LOOPS  ^7"  AND  STB. 

42.  AVhen  the  sounds  of  s  and  z  occur  in  connection  with 
some  other  consonant,  in  such  syllables  as  sis,  ses,  si/s,  siis,  else, 
they  may  generally  be  represented  by  writing  a  large  circle, 
double  the  usuil  siz3  for  s;  No*  pieces,  P\  system,   J.  necessity, 

■  ^  exercise.  The  vowel,  or  diphthong,  may  be  written 
inside  the  circle,  but  it  is  seldom  necessary,  A  small  circle  s 
may  be  added  to  the  large  circle;  thus:  _ ^-Q  excesses. 

43.  As  another  means  of  keeping  the  forms  of  words  from 
running  too  far  below  the  line  of  writing  the  circle  s  is  length- 
ened to  a  loop  one-third  the  length  of  the  stroke,  for  the  addi- 
tion of  t,  and  sometimes  d;  thus,  we  write  >^  base,  xi  based; 
-^^i^    refuse,  ^"^^  refused,  ^-^  dismissed. 

44.  By  lengthening  the  loop  to  two-thirds  the  length  of  the 
strokC)  it   becomes  sir;  as  "^^  boaster,  r^=>  caster,  ^  foster. 

Tlie  circle  s  may  also  be  added  to  these  loops ;  as  ^  posts, 
^  rests;  (i~-^  festers,  ^^  masters. 

The  st  loop  is  also  written  initially  and  medially;  thus: 
''x^  stop  y^  stage,  (f^  style,  ^    justify,   \^  statistics. 

EXCEPTIONS  TO  THE  USE  OF  CIRCLE  -S". 

45.  There  are  certain  classes  of  words  in  which  the  long  s 
and  z  must  be  employed :  First  when  «  or  z  is  the  only  stroke 
consonant  in  a  word;  as  )    easy,  j    saiv;  second,  when  it  i3 


OF  rnOXOGEAPHY.  45 


the   first   consonant,  and   preceded  by  a  vowel;  aa  "^ ask, 

■} escape;  third,  when  two   distinct  vowel  sounds  come 

between   the  «  and   following   consonant;   as  in   ]_  scieiwc, 
/^  joyous;  fourth,  when  a  or  2  is  the  last  consonant  in  a 

word,  and   followed  by   a  vowel:   as  ^//-  also,  ^C),  rosy; 
fifth,  when  z  begins  a  word ;  as  \^{'  zero,  y'<P  zealous. 

46.  When  s-s  or  s-z  are  the  only  consonants  in  a  word,  they 
may  be  written  V  or  "^j  or  ');  if  the  word  terminate  with 
the  sound  of  «,  it  is  better  to  use  the  first;  as  J~  sauce;  if  it 
terminate  with  a  vowel,  use  the  second,  aa  "^  saucy;  if 
it  terminate  with  z,  use  the  latter,  as  ■  ^  size. 

Eeadixg  Exercise  IV. 

<o    b  -p   ^    /^.    :i^    J:>  Ji  iP-  --^r. 
4.^    if  ^  ^   ^  ^m5  <^  ^^ 
V    I-    /    ^   y-^-^  y\    y\J   V? 

t)-    /    t    ^    ^.    ^    .~^.  <f-   l-^ 

Writixo  Exercise  Vlll. 

Teases,  causes,  gases,  voices,  misses,  opposes,  revises,  posses- 
sor, resist,  desist,  exhaust,  decisive,  discusses,  emphasises. 

Taste,  cost,  fast,  last,  safest,  repast,  arrest,  disposed,  amazed ; 
steps,  stakes,  stiff,  stir,  still,  stock,  steadfast;  pastor,  buster; 
faster,  lustre;  posts,  costs,  lasts,  musters,  monsters. 


46  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


THE  COMBINATION   2IP  OR  ilB. 

47.  A  very  simple  combination  cf  consonant  sounds  is  that 
of  mp  or  mb;  and  it  is  appropriately  represented  by  simply 
thickening  the  sign  ^-^  vi,  for  the  addition  of  />  or  b;  thus: 
(^  limp,  ^^x  empire,  i-jv/f  temporal,  ^^-<^  embarrass. 

WORD -SIGNS. 

48.  By  a  tcord-sign  is  meant  the  use  of  a  single  character  of 
thv3  alphabet  to  represent  an  entire  word.  This  scheme  is  in 
accordance  with  the  custom  in  the  common  spelling,  of  writ- 
ing i.  e.  tor  that  is,  e.  g.,  for  example,  p.  m.,post  meridian,  or 
afternoon,  Qen.  for  General,  etc. ;  and  it  is  resorted  to  for  the 
purpose  of  saving  time  and  labor. 

Those  words  are  chosen  thus  to  be  represented  which  occur 
the  most  frequently  in  composition,  twenty-five  of  them 
actually  constituting  one-fourth  of  any  chapter  or  discourse, 
and  one  hundred  of  them  amounting  to  almost  one-half. 

The  signs  are  chosen  so  as  to  suggest,  generally,  the  words 
they  represent.  Words  thus  represented  are  called  sign-words, 
when  we  wish  to  distinguish  them  from  other  words ;  while 
the  signs  themselves  are  called  ivord-mgns. 

VOWEL.  WOED-SICyS. 


a.  or  an 

and; 

ah ! ;        the. 

aye; 

I,          how. 

you. 

X 

\ 

1 

1 

• 
awe,  ought. 

r 

all 

two  or  too, 

0,  oh,  owe. 

before, 

who 

X 

N 

1 

1 

/ 

of  to  'on  but  »houIJ 

49.  Only  two  places,  the  first  and  second,  or  above  and  on 
the  line,  are  used  in  writing  the  vowel  word-signs,  because  with- 
out a  consonant  it  would  be  impossible  to  determine  between  a 


OF   PHONOGRAPHY.  47 


first  and  second-place  position.  If  the  word  to  be  represented 
contain  a  first-place  yowel  sound,  the  sign  is  written  above 
the  line;  if  a  second  or  third-place,  it  is  written  on  the  line, 
with  but  few  exceptions. 

COXSOXAXT  ■\VOr.D-SIGX8. 

' ,  \    1    I    //--.-_ 

up  be         it        do      which     large        can        come        go    give-n 

^       {        (        )        )        J        J 

for  have        think      them        so  was  shall         usual-ly 

will  or  arc  my      me  may     inany      no    language  thing 

your       way  he  important-ce  improve-ment    as         is       first 

50.  In  the  above,  and  all  other  lists  of  word-signs,  when  a 
word  is  printed  with  a  hyphen,  as  ffive-7i,  the  sign  will  repre- 
sent either  the  whole  word,  or  only  so  much  as  precedes  the 
hyphen,  which  is,  by  itself,  another  word;  thus,  __  is  either 
give  or  given.  Such  words  being  nearly  alike  in  sound,  and 
yet  different  parts  of  speech,  or  otherwise  incapable  of  being 
taken  one  for  the  other,  cause  no  difficulty  to  the  reader. 

51.  Inasmuch  as  the  horizontal  strokes  do  not  fill  the  space 
which  a  line  of  writing  occupies,  they  are  made  to  represent 
two  words,  as  in  the  case  of  the  vowel  word-signs,  one 
above  the  line  and  the  other  on  the  line — the  sign-words  of 
those  written  above  the  line  generally  containing  first-place 
vowels;  those  on  the  line,  second  or  third-place.  There  are 
but  few  exceptions  to  this  rule,  one  of  which  is  in  in  the 
above  table ;  though  its  vowel  is  third-place,  the  "^^  is  writ- 
ten above  the  line,  so  that  it  will  not  be  confounded  with 
v_^  7io ;  go,  having  a  second-place  vowel,  is  also  written  above 
the  line,  so  as  to  leave  the  third-place  for  ___  give,  and  to  keep 


4.-!  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 

it  from  conflicting  with  ccrme,  in  the  third  position,  if  it  should 
accidentally  be  written  heavy. 

52.  The  circle  s  may  be  added  to  any  consonant  sign,  to 
represent  the  plural  or  the  possessive  case  of  nouns,  or  the 
third-person  singular  of  verbs;  thus:  [^  its,  y.^  things, 
D   comes,  \^  does. 

JOIXIXG  OF  AVOEDS. 

53.  The  words  a,  an  and  the  are  of  such  frequent  occurrence 
that  provision  is  made  for  joining  them  to  preceding  word- 
signs,  and  to  many  other  words,  by  a  short  tick,  which  saves 
much  loss  of  time,  in  the  aggregate,  by  lifting  the  pen ;  thus ; 
^  qf-the,  >  to-thc,  v  but-the,  "-^'  in-the,  /  which-the;  >-^  in-a, 
or  in-an,  'v  for-a  or  for-an,  [_  do-a,  etc.  The  is  represented 
by  a  tick  written  at  an  acute  angle  to  the  preceding  sign ;  a 
or  an,  by  a  tick  written  at  a  right  angle  to  the  preceding  sign. 
The  tick  for  the  is  also  frequently  used  to  represent  the  word 
he,  as      ^  can  he,   V     for  he. 

This  principle  of  joining  is  applied  to  all  other  word-signs 
that  join  well;  as  i^~^  he-may,  [^  it-is,  \ become. 

Additional  Word-Signs.  —  The  very  common  words 
first  V<3  and  ._ir>  next  are  thus  abbreviated.  Ai>  ^  and  is  ^, 
already  given,  maj^  be  made  has  6  and  his  ^  ,  by  prefixing 
the  brief  h.     (See  page  80.) 

54.  Punctuation,  etc. — On  account  of  the  use  of  the  dot 
for  words,  in  phonographic  writing,  Ave  thus  write  the  points: 
X  period,  %  colon,  \  interrogation,  \  wonder,  ^  sorrow, 
?  laughter,  {  )  parentheses;  the  comma,  semi-colon  and 
quotation  marks,  may  be  written  as  in  common  manuscript. 
When  it  is  desired  to  indicate  that  a  word  should  begin  with 
a  capital  letter,  write  two  parallel  lines  under  it,  thus : 
O  ^  Mr.  Smith. 


r 


OF   PHONOGRAPHY.  49 


»<.     A     -      (       u 

Writixg  Exercise  IX. 

A'ofc. — Words   that  are  connected  by  hyphens  should  be   written 
together  without  lifting  the  pen. 

Honer«ty  is-the  best  policy  all-the  time. 

The  richest  miser  is-a  slave  to-his  riches. 

Your  duty  to-your  family  comes  first. 

A  thing  of  beauty  is-a  joy  for  you  and  for  me. 

The  animal  exists  and  subsists  on-the  food  he  eats. 

He  who  asks  justice  should-be  ready  to  give  it. 

The  wisest  and-the  best  are-the  purest  of  earth. 

The  ase  of  steam  was-a  most  important  improvement. 


50  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


Wkitixg  Exercise  IX.  Concluded. 

Many  who-are  first  shall-be  last,  and-the  last,  first. 
Two  fools  in-a  house  are  too-many  by  two. 
Think  to-day  and  speak  to-morrow. 
Be  zealous  in  business,  but  be  no  slave  to-it. 
Ask  wisely,  and-it  shall-be  given  unto  you. 
It-is  no  advantage  to  fast  if-you-are  next  to  feast. 
Laziness  is  said  to-be-a  hopeless  disease. 
Most  things  have   two  sides  to-them,   and-il^is  best   to 
look  at  both. 

REVIEW  OF   THE   FOURTH   LESSON. 

(  ?35. )  On  whicli  side  of  straight  strokes  is  the  circle  «  written? 
On  which  side  of  curves?  (^  3G.)  Which  si^ns  never  take  the  circle  « 
initially?  (^  38.)  How  is  the  circle  written  between  the  straight 
strokes?  How  between  the  curved  strokes?  (^  39.)  When  a  vowel  is 
written  before  a  stroke  beginning  with  a  circle,  which  is  read  first,  the 
vowel  or  the  circle  ?  (  §  41.  )  When  may  third-place  vowels  be  omitted  ? 
(^  42.)  In  what  classes  of  words  is  the  large  circle  used?  (^  43.)  How 
is  the  st  loop  written,  and  in  what  cases  is  it  used?  (^  44.)  How  is 
the  str  loop  written,  and  when  used  ?  How  may  the  circle  s  bo  written 
after  the  loop?  (^  45.)  In  what  cases  is  it  necessary  to  write  the 
stroke  s  orz?  (§  46.)  In  words  having  only  the  consonants  «-«  or  «-z, 
in  what  cases  should  the  form  begin  with  the  oneorthe  other?  (f  47.) 
How  is  the  combination  wp  or  w6  represented  ?  (§48.)  What  is  the 
principle  on  which  word-signs  are  formed?  (§49.)  Write  and  name 
the  vowel  word-signs.  (§  50.)  The  straight  consonant  word-signs. 
The  curved  word-signs.  {§  51.)  Explain  the  rule  of  position,  in 
regard  to  horizontal  signs.  (§  52.)  What  effect  does  the  adding  of  a 
circle  give  to  a  simple  word-sign  ?  (  §  53.  )  How  may  tlie,  he,  a,  and  oh 
be  affixed  to  a  preceding  word?  (§  54.)  How  are  the  punctuation 
marks  written?    How  are  capitals  indicated? 


OF   I'HONOGRAPHY. 


JiB$$0n. 


IXITIAL  HOOKS  FOR  L  AND  II. 

55.  A  peculiar  characteristic  of  the  sounds  of  I  and  r  is, 
that  they  freely  blend  with  other  preceding  consonants,  form- 
ing double  sounds  as  it  were,  similar  to  the  vowel  diphthongs, 
and  hence  their  classification  as  liquids.  Take,  for  illustra- 
tion, play  and  npple,  fly  and  fickle,  and  observe  how  almost 
simultaneously  the  letters  pi,  fl,  and  kl  are  uttered,  the  I 
gliding  imperceptibly  into  each  of  the  others;  take,  also,  the 
words  pray,  try,  eager,  and  in  pronouncing  them  notice  how, 
in  each  case,  the  jir,  tr,  gr,  glide  into  almost  a  single  effort 
of  articulation. 

56.  The  briefest  and  most  philosophical  way  of  representing 
these  combinations  of  I  and  r  with  the  preceding  conso- 
nants, is  by  distinct  and  uniform  modifications  of  such  conso- 
nants. Very  simple  modifications  are  provided,  by  a  small 
initial  hook  on  one  side  of  the  straight  strokes  for  r,  and  on 
the  other  side  for  /;  thus: 

\    pr,        \    pi,        ]     tr,  f     tl,        ^  kr,       __   kl. 

57.  These  compound  strokes  must  be  regarded  primarily 
a.s  single,  indivisible  signs,  and  spoken  as  such  in  analyz- 
ing or  .spelling  out  words,  as  well  as  in  naming  the  signs; 
that  is,  as  the  final  syllables  in  appfe  (pZ),  lit^fe  {tl),  taper 
(pr),  acre  (kr),  etc.;  and  not  as  p-l;  t-l;  p-r;  k-r.  A 
distinction  is  thus  made  between  b-r  as  in  \/C  borrow,  and 
hr  as  in  ^  ^  brow;  i-r  as  in  — /  '  carry,  and  kr  as  in 
c-j-  crow;  b-l  as  in  \^^  belorv,  and  bl  as  in   \    blow. 


52 


ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


ILLUSTRATION  OF  THE  i?-HOOK. 


kr  C 


TABLE  OF  THE  E-HOOK. 

^  pr   N^  br      1    tr     T  dr     /  ch-r     /  ]t  -—  kr 


gr 


^  fr     ^  vr     (^  or  ")  th-r     f  or  ^  th-r    J  sh-r    J  zh-r 
<j-^  mr      >;:_•  nr      (^  Ir       "^  ^  rr      /^  yr     "^  wr 

58.  To  assist  the  pupil  in  remembering  these  hooks,  or 
compound  signs,  the  above  illustrations  are  given.  If  the 
Right  hand  be  held  up,  and  the  fore-finger  bent  as  in  the 
cut,  the  outline  (  tr  will  be  seen;  and,  by  turning  the 
hand  round  to  the  four  different  positions,  all  the  straight 
double  consonants  of  the  Pr  series  will  be  indicated.  In 
other  words,  the  R-hook  is  indicated  by  the  Right  hand, 
except  as  to  a  few  curved  strokes. 

59.  On  all  the  curved  signs  the  hook  is  written  on  the 
concave,  or  inner  side,  because  of  its  more  easy  formation 
there  than  on  the  outside  of  a  curve. 

60.  The  combinations  sr,  zr^  being  more  readily  written 
by  the  s-circle,  thus,  °^  ^^,  than  by  the  forms  '^)  '^, 
these  latter  are  used  as  duplicates  for  the  frequently  recur- 
ring thr^  light  and  heavy.  Being  similar  in  form  and 
position,  this  irregularity  will  not  make  any  trouble.  The 
first  forms  C  T,  are  used  when  preceded  by  a  vowel,  as: 
"C  author,  C  either;  the  second  forms  are  used  when 
followed    by    a    vowel,    as;    '^)— throw,  ^^  thrwe;    in    other 


OF  PHOSOGKAPHY.  53 


combinations,  whichever  form  is  most  convenient  is  used, 
as;    ^   there  J  fj  Icatlicr. 

61.  The  use  of  heavy  m  and  n  in  forming  the  r  hook, 
as  ^—^^  mr,  s_^  7ir,  is  rendered  necessary  by  the  fact  that 
the  same  forms  written  light  are  needed  for  another  pur- 
pose in  the  further  development  of  the  system.  As  mp  ^.^ 
and  ng  -s_^  do  not  require  this  hook,  there  is  no  danger 
of  ambiguity  resulting  from  this  use  of  them. 

02.  The  vocalization  is  the  same  as  with  the  simple 
strokes;  if  a  vowel  precedes  the  double  consonant,  it  is 
written  before,  or  above  the  stroke,  as  -]  vtter,  -J  odor, 
c — -  eager,  ;j^  owner;  if  a  vowel  follow  the  double  conso- 
nant it  is  written  after,  or  under  the  stroke,  as;  1  true, 
'^~^  yrey,  <^,   free,  f"^  across. 

THE  SPR   SERIES  OF  CONSONANTS. 

G3.  From  the  pr  series  of  double  consonants  a  series  of 
triple  consonants  is  formed,  by  making  the  r-hook  into  a 
circle,  and  as  the  simple  «-circIe  is  never  written  on  the 
r-liook  side  of  straight  strokes,  this  new  circle  is  made  to 
represent  both  circle  and  hook;  thus: 

^v      spr       ^\    sbr       °\    str       '^    sdr     •  ^ —  skr       ,___  sgr 

64.  A  vowel  may  be  written  either  before  or  after  these 
triple  signs;  but  the  circle-*  is  the  first  thing  to  be  read, 
then  the  vowel  preceding  the  stroke,  if  there  is  one,  next 
the    stroke    and    hook,    and    the    following    vowel;    thus; 

1  cider,  ^^  succor,  ^\^    spree,   ^j.   stray,  '^^^---^  supreme. 

65.  The  double  circle  may  also  be  written  on  this  side 
of  the  stroke,  making  the  quadruple  combination,  as  in 
^    sister. 

66.  On  the  curved  strokes  the  s-cirele  must  l)e  written 
completely  before  forming  the  hook,  since  the  combination 


54  ECLECTIC  3IAXUAL 

has  to  occupy  the  circle  side  of  the  stems;  thus: 
^  suffer,  X^  sever,  ^  seizure,  ^"^  summer,  ^I^  sooner;  and 
these  five  are  the  only  ones  on  which  there  is  occasion 
to  use  it. 

67.  When    ^\  spr,  1     sir,  ^ —  shr,   follow   a   preceding 
stroke,  the  hook  must  bedistinctly  formed;  thus:    "^"^Nq 
express,  ~^^^\^.  extreme,     \\  prosper. 

68.  There  are  a  few  combinations  in  which  it  is  impossi- 
ble to   form    very    distinct   hooks    in    connection    with   the 

«-circle,  and  imperfect  ones  have  to  suffice;  thus:      ^ 

subscribe,    [■    o  disgrace,  ^"^^^^  miscarriage,  "^ 

SPECIAL  SCHEME  OF  VOCALIZATION. 

69.  Although  the  double  consonants  of  the  spr  °\  sdr  '\ 
series  are  generally  employed  where  no  vowel  intervenes, 
or  only  an  indistinct  one,  convenience  and  brevity  require 
that  a  little  license  should  be  taken  with  the  rule,  and 
therefore  the  double  consonants  are  used  occasionally  even 
when  the  vowel  sound  is  distinctly  heard  between  the 
stroke  and  the  hook. 

70.  When  this  is  done  a  peculiar  scheme  of  A'ocalization 
is  resorted  to,  namely:  the  dot  vowels  are  indicnted  by  a 
small  circle  placed  in  each  of  the  tree  positions,  before  the 
stroke  for  the  long,  and  after  for  the    short  vowels;   thus: 

°T dark,  ^dearly,  ,^oy^^  careless,    '\/^  paralyze,     ^|o_^ 

term ;  when  a  dash  vowel  is  to  be  read  between  the  stroke 
and  hook,  it  is  indicated  by  striking  the  dash  through  the 
stroke ;  as  ^-i-o  course,  "]__  Turkey ;  or,  when  it  is  a  first- 
place  dash  vowel  it  may  be  written  just  in  front  of  the  hook; 
thus:  i^_^r-^'  normal;  when  a  third-place  diphthong,  it 
may  be  written  through  the  stroke;  thus:  '^  torture;  or 
thus:    \„.j-_:„  fyure. 


OF  PIIOXOGK.VTHY. 


-|./?-nOOK  WORD-SIGXS. 

'\  principle-al,    ^  rc-member,      j  true,  truth,     |  dear,  Dr. 

= —  Christian,    c — :   care,      /    larger,    Q      from,    ^  ever-y 

C   other,     ^    there,  their,    ^  sure,    ^  pleasure,    "^  error, 

^  aware,    ^^"^  more,    ^-^  Mr.,    '^-^  nor,    ;,_^  near. 

Beadlkq  Exercise  YI. 

^  r  .^  1--  v.-  ^  ^  ^^-v^  .^  ^ 


^ 


'O   U-  V^    ~.     V^    ^  %i_   V^  ^^^x 

^     %      /^     J?      s      r      V       .^       '^     ^      ^    x' 
^      '-^^      o       f   ..V     V^      .      ^      >       Q^     x 


5G  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


Writing  Exebclse  X. 

Dry,  dray,  tree,  pray,  cry,  grow,  dream,  bridge ;  acre,  odor, 
wpper,  April ;  brass,  cross,  trace ;  fry,  f rick,  fresh,  thread, 
shriek,  Friday;  offer,  over,  honor,  moov«-,  minor,  dinner, 
framer,  transpose. 

Spry,  stray,  strike,  struck,  strap,  strip,  strange,  string, 
scrap,  scrape,  scream ;  supper,  sober,  sadder,  supremacy, 
secrecy;   safer,   sinner,   summer,   brisker,  proscribe. 

Charm,  lark,  sharp,  sharper,  cheerless,  nearer,  thirty, 
per\'erse,  north,  enormous,  enormity,  coarsely,  work,  morality, 
nourish,  journey,   purchase,  erasure,   Yarmouth. 

Error  is  sure  to-be  exposed  to  sharp  criticism. 

Danger  is  said  to-be  next  neighbor  to  security. 

He  is  a  pretty  fellow  to  take  care  of  prisoners. 

The  ^larch  fisher  rarely  brings  a  prize  to  shore. 

True  courage  grows  strong  from  vigorus  exercise. 

A  dry  summer  brings  small  crops  for  the  harvest. 

Truth  and  honesty  are  sure  to-receive  favor  at-last. 

All  proper  promises  are  supposed  to-be  free  from  error. 

Every  member  of-a  Christian  church  should  take  care  to 
speak  the  truth,  both  in  prosperity   and  adversity. 

REVIEW  OF  FIFTH  LESSOX. 

(?  55.)  What  is  the  peculiar  characteristic  of  I  and  r?  (§56.)  How 
are  they  representfd  in  combination  with  other  consonants?  (§  57.) 
Describe  the  difference  between  ji-l  and  pi,  p-r  and  pr.  (§  58.)  On 
which  side  of  straight  stems  is  the  r-hook  written?  (§59.)  On 
which  side  of  the  curved  stems?  (§  60.)  How  are  duplicate  forms 
for  t/tr,  light  and  heavy,  obtained  ?  What  is  the  rule  for  their  use? 
(§61.)  How  is  the  r-hook  represented  on  wi  and  m?  (§63.)  How 
is  the  »-circlo  written  so  as  to  precede  the  r-hook  on  straight 
stems?  (§  C6. )  How  on  the  curved  strokes?  (§64.)  If  a  vi.wel 
precede  these  triple  stems,  what  is  the  order  of  reading?  (§  G7.)  In 
what  cases  must  the  hook  as  well  as  the  circle  be  distinctly  formed? 
(§70.)  Explain  the  special  method  of  writing  the  dot  vowels  to 
these  triple  consonants.     The  dash  vowels,  and  diphthongs. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


^iVlI|  ^t$$tim 


ILLUSTRATION  OF  THE  X-HOOK. 


Id  c 


TABLE  OF  THE  Z-HOOK. 

\  pi  \  bl    1  tl    f  dl    /^  ch-1  /"  jl  =_  kl  c^  gl     y  r\ 

V.fl    ^vl    Ctli-1    Qih-\    ^/'sh-l  ^zh-l    r^  ml    c_^  nl 

72.  If  the  Left  hand  be  held  up,  and  the  fore-finger  bent 
as  in  the  cut,  the  outline  j  tl  will  be  seen ;  and,  by  turn- 
ing the  hand  round  to  the  four  different  positions,  all  the 
straight  double  consonants  of  the  PI  series,  and  most  of  the 
curved  ones,  will  be  indicated.  Tlie  i/-hook  is  shown  by 
the  Left  hand. 

73.  On  all  the  curved  signs  that  take  the  Miook,  it  is 
written  on  the  concave,  or  inner  side;  but,  in  order  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  r-hook,  it  is  written  twice  as  large. 
Sh-l  is  generally  written  upward,  as  in   'V,  y  official, 

74.  The  stems,  for  s  and  2,  as  with  the  r-hook,  do  not 
take  the  ^hook,  ^  and  ^^  l)eing  preferable  to  "^l  and  ^, 
as  in  /TTj^  muscle,  or  muzzle.  Neither  does  the  stroke 
r'  I  take  the  ^hook. 


r 

58  ECLECTIC  MAXUAL 


7t>.  The  stroke  and  hook  being  considered  as  one  sign,  are 
vocalized  generally  in  a  very  simple  manner.  K  a  vowel 
precede  the  double  consonant  sound,  it  is  written  before  the 

sign;  thus:     \  able,\^cvil,      \_mvful,   "|     idle,  <. ;  eagle; 

if  a  vowel  follow  it  must  be  placed  after;  thus:  V  play, 
^-Y>  close;  or  a  vowel  may  be  written  both  before  and  after 
the  consonant  sign;  thus:  \.  ably,  "  \^  apply,  "^  \^  eclipse, 
•<;?         afflict. 

THE  SPL  SERIES  OF  CONSOXAXTS. 

76.  The  s-circle  is  prefixed  to  the  /-hook,  on  both  straight 
and  curved  strokes,  in  the  same  manner  that  it  is  prefixed 
to  the  j-hook  on  the  curved  signs,  that  is,  by  writing  both 
the  circle  and  the  hook  distinctly;  thus: 

^  s-pl  Ps-tl  /^s-chl  e_  s-kl 

\  s-bl  {'  s-dl  /»8-jl  ^_  s-gl 

(^^  8-fl  (Ss-thl  ^  s-shl  (^^  s-ml 

(^8-vI  (^s-thl  J?8-zhl  <^s-nl 

77.  The  vocalizing  of  these  triple  consonants  is  the  same 
as  that  of  the  spr  series;  thus:  'P  saddle,  X^  supply, 
^ — ;  sickly,    \^  civil,^-^—^-^—^  exclaim,    j]^     eternal. 

78.  The  special  scheme  of  vocalization  is  also  applied  to 
the    Z-hook;    thus:  of       dealer,    \    till,   ^ — '  kgal   |^XV 
tolerable,  *?  falsify, '^^ir-—^^  culminate. 

X-HOOK  WORD-SIGNS. 

\^  people,  r  tell,  until,  F  dollar, c call,^  cool,i  /"children, 

^v^  follow,    full,      V^  value,    c_>    only. 


OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


59 


ReADISG   EXEBCiSE  VIL 


%.         %  '%  ^        t-"        ^         ^         ^       ci 

\j^     (k^     qC'     V^  Va  •  Ql9       Q^.     'H' 

K   .\v  .^  -p   f  ^   ^  /^    c^   ^ 

\    \   \   k^'  ^^  ^  V^  V_  T^ 


Writing  Exercise  XI. 

Plea,  ply,  plow,  blue,  glee,  bible,  title,  couple,  regal, 
penal,  tunnel,  fickle,  plenty ;  biases,  classes,  oblige,  reclaim, 
disclaim,  discloses,  radical,  clerical,  journal,  removal, 
inflame,  bu^diel,  shovel,  marshal,  partial,  initial,  rifle, 
ruffle,  final,   flannel. 

Falsity,  volume,  fulminate,  philosophical,  calamity, 
collect,   college,  voluptuous,  colonial,  vulgar. 

Supply,  suppleness,  saddle,  satchel,  possible,  feasible, 
peaceful,  deceitful,  advisable,  excusable. 


60  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


Eeadixg  Exekcise  VIII. 

</  /^'  ^  <L  -  ^^ .  ■  ^  ■-  j"  ' 

'-'■^^  (C  =<   ^C\^    l^o    -)     °     )      l^  ' 

'  ^  51,  %^.  ^  u  ^  ^   r  J  ^  ^ 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY,  Gl 


Writing  Exercise  XII. 

To  grow  angry  at  trifles  is  miserable  folly,  and  a  disgrace. 

Most  people  prefer  reasonable  cheerfulness  to  senseless  mirth. 

All  Christian  graces  and  virtues  must  be  fed  by  universal 
charity. 

Nothing  can  supply  the  place  of  valuable  books  in  a  family 
of  children. 

There  is  nothing  so  soon  overthrows  a  strong  head  as 
strong  liquor. 

The  Bible  is  a  most  noble  old  book,  full  of  both  philosophic 
and  moral  truths. 

Female  beauties  are  as  likely  to  be  fickle  in  their  faces 
as  in  their   fancies. 

A  graceful  presence  bespeaks  favor  from  the  most  extreme 
stickler  for  propriety. 

Peaceful  times  arc  tlic  most  prosperous  and  desirable 
to  all   sensible  people. 

Poverty  may  suffer  for  many  things,  but  avarice  desires 
and  grasps  at  everything. 

The  principal  glory  of  every  civilized  people  arises  from 
the  triumphs  of  its  authors. 

Children  are  like  travelers  in  a  strange  place,  and  should 
receive  every  necessary  care. 


REVIEW  OF  THE  FTXTH  LESSON. 

(?72.)  On  which  side  of  the  straight  strokes  is  the  ^-hook?  (?73.) 
How  is  it  represented  on  the  curved  signs?  (?74. )  What  signs  do 
not  take  the  f-hook?  (?75. )  How  are  these  double-consonants  vocal- 
ized? (^76.)  How  is  the  «-circle  prefixed  to  the  f-hook?  (JJS. )  Ex- 
plain the  special  mode  of  vocaliiing  these  double  consonants,  when  a 
vowel  is  to  be  read  between  the  stroke  and  the  hook.  (i7fl.)  What 
are  the  straight  stroke  word-sigaa  of  the  i-hook  series?  What  are  the 
curved  word-signs? 


62  ECLECTIC   MANUAL 


)tmni\  yiu$m. 


TERMINAL  HOOKS  FOR  N,  F  AND  V. 

80.  Since  the  hooked  strokes,  although  representing  two 
elementary  sounds,  are  written  with  nearly  the  same  facility 
as  the  simple  strokes,  the  hooking  principle  is  applied  to  the 
termination  of  consonant  stems  as  well  as  to  the  beginning. 
The  most  useful  purposes  which  the  two  small  terminal  hooks 
can  subserve,  are  to  represent  the  frequent  sounds  of 
n,  f  and  v. 

TABLE  OF  THE  iV^HOOK. 

\pn  \  bn  J  tn  J  dn  ,y/  ch-n  ^  jn  '  =•  kn  — =  gn 
V^fn  \^  vn  (^  th-n  (^  th-n  J  sn  J  zn  ^  sh-n  ^  zh-n 
(^  In    ^  rn     /^  rn  ^~i  mn  ^-—^  nn  /^  yn  ^  wn    ^/     hn 

81.  On  the  straight  strokes  the  w-hook  is  written  on  the  left- 
hand  side  of  the  vertical  and  inclined,  and  on  the  under  side 
of  the  horizontal  strokes,  embracing  the  upstroke  r  and  h. 
On  the  curved  strokes  it  is  written  on  the  inner  or  concave 
side,  as  shown  in  the  above  table. 

82.  Stems  with  the  n-hook  are  A'ocalized  as  the  simple 
strokes,  not  requiring  the  peculiar  methods  of  the  r-hook  and 
Miook;  thus:  \»   paim  \  dawn,  \^  fine,  /\  run,  X\,  rapine, 

V'-pj,  remain,  ^C/^  foreign. 


OF   PHONOGRAPHY.  03 


8!>.  Thirdrplace  vowel  signs  are  written  outside  of  the 
hook;  thus:         =  keen,   (    thin,    '    ^    moon. 

84.  Strokes  having  an  initial  circle,  loop,  or  hook  of  any 
kind,  may  also  have  a  final  hook ;  as :  ^^v  gj/me,  "^^  plan, 
^s  sprain,  \^  soften,  \^stiff€n,  f  stolen. 

85.  If  no  distinct  vowel  sound  is  heard  between  the  sound 
of  the  stroke  and  the  hook,  no  vowel   sign  is  written  ;  as  in 

X^  open,  Vo  ^ff^^f  ^*_,  shaken,  --sj?'  region. 

86.  This  hook  is  often  written  in  the  middle,  as  well  as  at 
the    end    of  words;    as   i    =-*>  economy,  r\  .    organic, 

abandon. 


y 


THE  A'^ITOOK  FOLLOWED    LY    S,  ST,  STU. 


87.  When  n  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word,  followed 
by  a  vowel,  the  stroke  must  be  written;  thus,  compare 
'  ^5  moon,^^~^^^.  vioncy,  ^  lone,  ^'*C^_^.  bony,  \C^fun,  ^V^^i  . 
funny,    <3    china. 

88.  When  the  sound  of  s  follows  n  without  an  intervening 
vowel,  it  may  be  represented,  on  straight  stems,  by  turning 
tlie  n-hook  in  to  a  circle,  since  the  simple  s-circle  is  written 
only  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem;  thus:  [^ dine,  J  dines; 
q/'^  join,  ^-^  joins;  /\  run,  /\  runs.  The  double  circle  may 
be  written  in  the  same  way;  as  I-c/ohc,  ^-dunces;  ^y/' chance, 
qX  chances. 

89.  The  st  and  sfr  loops  may  be  added  to  the  n-hook  in  the 
eame  manner  as  the  circle  s;  thus:  \^  bounced,  y''  chanced, 
\_  spinster. 

90.  When  the  sound  of  s  follows  the  n-hook  on  a  curved 
stem,  however,  the  circle  must  be  formed  in  addition  to  the 
hot>k,  since  the  simple  .'?-circle  is  written  in  that  position; 
thus:  V^  iin£,  \^  fines;  ^  ocean,  ^'  oceans;  {^  loan, 
(<'  loans  ;    /      a  renown,  /^ — ■ — ^   renounce. 


64 


OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


91.  The  loops  st  and  str  cannot  be  added  to  the  n-hook 
on  curved  strokes;  and  therefore  in  such  combination.s  the 
stroke  n  must  be  written;  as  V_^v^  finest,  y^^-^—^  renounced. 

92.   JV:-HOOK  WORD-SIGNS. 

\  upon      \    been     J  done        ^/  general-ly       — =  again 

V  phonography    (  than,  then    (^  alone      ^  man  ,.-^  men 

^-j^  opinion    (^  learn 

Eeading  Exercise  IX. 

V  V         \-         J-         J.        J^       <^'    '""       -P     -^ 

k.  cV  ^    r  ^^  ^'  /^  "^  '^' 


v_9 


1 


\ 


^'v  /^  ^^-  c  .Sir"  c. 


^ 

OF   PUONOGKAPHY.  65 


Writing  Exercise  XIII. 

Pain,  boon,  tone,  duwn,  chain,  John,  coin,  gun,  gone, 
fine,  vain,  then,  shone,  ocean,  loan,  line,  main,  mean,  mine, 
known,  none;  open,  ripen,  ribbon,  redden,  region,  shaken, 
organ,  orphan,  heaven,  heathen,  falleii,  turn,  mourn, 
remain,  regain,  abstain. 

Pen,  jM^nny ;  pun,  puny;  down,  downy;  Jane,  Jennie; 
cane,  canal;  fan,  Fanny;  vine,  vinegar;  shine,  shiny;  line, 
lion;  rain,  rainy;  main,  many;  pan,  pannel ;  tun,  tunnel; 
chain,  channel ;  fine,  final ;  thin,  thinly ;  spine,  spinal ; 
train,  eternal;  sprain,  sprinkle ;  swine,  svvinny;  hone,  honey. 

Pains,  beans,  towns,  chains,  gains,  reins,  burns,  hence, 
residence,  expense,  explains,  inclines;  Germans,  offence, 
refines,  heavens,  shuns,  leans,  loans,  means,  remains, 
canons,  violence. 

Every  man's  main  chance  is  to  earn  his  money  by  due 
diligence. 

A  mean  man's  manners  are  generally  as  offensive  as  his 
meannesses. 

A  man  has  no  more  right  to  say  an  uncivil  thing  to 
me  than  to  knock  me  down. 

A  man's  opinions  are  often  the  growth  of  ignorance 
and  chance  remark. 

Muscular  strength  is  often  taken  for  true  courage,  by  nine 
out  of  ten  among  men. 

The  fallacy  of  this  opinion  has  been  shown  by  general 
practice,  for  prudence  is  also  necessary. 

A  truly  Christian  man  looks  down  like  an  eternal  sun 
upon  the  autumn  of  his  existence. 

A  man's  religion  generally  inclines  his  soul  to  turn  to 
heaven  for  guidance. 

Physical  pain  is  less  grievous  to  be  borne  than  an  offence 
against  the  soul. 


G6  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


TABLE    OF    THE    F  AND     V  HOOK. 

\^  pf  or  pv  [j  tf  tv  /^   ch-f  ch-v         =  kf  kv 

\    bf  bv  I  df  dv  C     jf  jv  — =gf  gv 

^rf  rv  y'   hf  hv 

93.  The  hook  for/ and  v  is  the  same,  since  their  sounds  are 
so  nearly  alike  that  whichever  is  pronounced  Avill  suggest  the 
right  word.  It  is  used  on  the  straight  strokes  only,  and  on 
the  side  opposite  to  that  of  the  n-hook,  namely:  on  the 
right-hand  side  of  perpendicular  and  inclined  strokes,  and  on 
the  upper  side  of  horizontals,  including  r  and  h. 

94.  This  hook  is  not  written  on  the  curved  strokes,  because 
the  n-hook  occupies  the  concave  side  of  the  curves,  and  an- 
other hook  cannot  be  readily  or  gracefully  formed  on  the 
convex  side.* 

95.  Strokes  having  this  /  and  v-hook  are  vocalized  and  read 
simply,  as  those  taking  the  «-hook;  \.  beef,  , — =•  covgh, 
'\- prove,  %■'    strife,    ct^    grave,    e\^    curve,    j^^^   defense, 

jT^  reverse. 

96.  When  f  or  v  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  -word,  and 
followed  by  a  vowel,  the  full  stroke  must  be  written ;  thus, 
compare  y^  cough,   '~~V^  c^ff^^^^  <^^  9^(^^'^>  '^^~^      9^'^^^' 

/^  rough,  /Vo  ^*'^'^"'  I  ^^^'i/'  !^  ^^^y^  ^^'^\i  ^^^'y- 

97.  The  circle  s  or  z  may  be  added  to  this  hook,  by 
turning  a  distinct  circle  inside  the  hook ;  thus  p-^  coughs, 


j  drives,  Ji   raves. 


\ 

98.  F   AND  V  nOOK  YrOKD-FICXS. 
V  above       I    differ     /    whichever    ^  Jehovah    — ^  gave 

■•■  Mr.  Munson's  scheme,  and  that  of  Mrs.  E.  B.  Burns,  admit  cf  the 
u<5e.  to  a  limited  extent,  of  a  long  slender  hook  on  the  curved 
strokes,  for  /  and  v;  but  it  cannot  be  commended,  since  it  tends  to 
ambiguity. 


OP  PHOXOGKAPHY. 

t.7 

Beadiko  Exercise  X 

\s     L-    \. 

^-    /.  /^^  ^ 

• 

^ 

^ 

^4    •Nq-   ""^ 

C^        ^^        C_3 

r   <=> 

^ 

v)'- 

/^      y\3- 

^-e-V  >^ 

P, 

Z^- 

/-^ 

u^  x_  ix.  V-^  \,^-  cM^' 

1 

h' 

^- 

.  7.  ,  ^ 

■^       C-?     ^      Q^ 

6     <^ 

> 

C^    X 

I  X 


"V\*nmxG  Exercise  XIV. 

Puff,  deaf,  gave,  rough,  roof,  scoff,  serve,  curve,  drove, 
grief,  cleave,  grave;  cliffs,  gloves,  groves;  bereave,  preserve, 
provoke,  deserve,  refer,  reference,  retrieve;  devoid,  divide, 
provide,  bravery;  observes,  reproves,   engraves,  derives. 

Grief  drove  the   poor  man  roughly  to  his  early  grave. 

They  who  deserve  reproof  strive  to  bear   it  bravely. 

It  behooves  the  brave  man  to  preserve  his  honor  and 
maintain  his  glory. 

The  man's  chief  province,  I  discover,  is  to  puff*  bravery 

and  provoke  strife. 

REVIEW  OF  LESSON  SE^'ENTH. 

(''81.)  On  which  3ido  of  the  i>trai<;lit  strokes  is  the  w-hook  writtrn? 
How  written  on  the  eiirTes?  (■,8T.)  When  is  it  necessary  to  write 
the  full  striike  u  ?  ( 'SS. )  How  may  the  »-eircIe  be  added,  on  i^traii^ht 
stroke-,  to  the  u-hook  ?  (^90.)  How  on  the  curved  strokes?  (  j8'J. ) 
How  may  the  nt  and  ttr  loops  be  added?  {>92.)  What  are  the 
(»-hook  word-signs?  (ifl.*}.)  On  what  strokes,  and  which  side,  is  the 
/-I-  hook  written?  (''.(16.)  AVhen  is  it  necessary  to  write  the  full 
srrokfs/and  r?  (',07.)  How  may  the  circle  «  or  z  be  added  to  ibia 
hook?    (i'JS. )  What  ure  the/  and  r-hook  word-signs? 


'    68  ECLECTIC  MANUAL 


tnnttt    l!iB$$titt. 


LARGE  TERMINAL  HOOKS  FOR  SHN,  TB   AXD  THR. 

99.  In  the  earlier  editions  of  Phonography  only  one  size 
of  hooks,  initial  and  final,  was  employed.  But,  in  the  pro- 
ces3  of  experiment  and  improvement,  it  was  satisfactorily 
established  that  a  larger  as  Avell  as  a  small  hook  could  he 
easily  written,  and  readily  distinguished  one  from  the  other. 
As  the  best  use  that  could  be  made  of  one  of  the  large 
terminal  hooks,  it  was  appropriated  to  the  representation 
of  the  frequently  recurring  syllables,  -dan,  -tian,  -sion,  -twn ; 
thus:  \j  passion,  L3  occasion,  c— ^  Grecian,  "^  notion, 
^  ration,   ^-P  sanction. 

100.  This  hook  is  called  the  shun  hook,  because  in  ordinary 
speech  the  syllables  thus  uniformly  represented  are  so  pro- 
nounced ;  but  in  careful  reading  and  speaking  the  short 
sounds  of  a  and  o  should  be  given  wherever  these  letters 
occur.  Although  this  representation  is  not  entirely  phonetic, 
inasmuch  as  there  are  three  elementary  sounds  to  the  one 
sign,  yet  it  is  near  enough  so  for  a  contracted  style  of  writ- 
ing. Of  course  this  class  of  words  could  be  written  out 
in  full,  with  the  sh  and  n-strokes,  or  with  the  sh  stroke  and 
7i-hook,  but  for  the  sake  of  simple,  graceful  forms,  and 
speed  in  making  them,  the  hook   is  preferable. 


OF    PHONOGKAPHY.  C9 


V)  p-*^'"' 

l^j  t-shn 

/     ch-shii 

\  ,  b-shn 

[^  d-shn 

I  j-shn 

V^  f-shn 

(    th-shn 

J  fi-shn 

^^  v-slm 

(^  th-shu 

J  z-shn 

^ 

^  r-shn 

^  ^  l-shn 

r~^  m-shn 

v^_^  n-shn 

s^  ng-shn 

TABLE  OF  THE  SHN-HOOK. 

_Z)  k-slin 
—^  g-shn 

/  sh-slin 
^J  zh-slin 

^  h-shn 

101.  This  shn-hook,  it  will  be  seen,  is  written  on  the  same 
side  of  straight  strokes  as  the  f-v-hook,  and  on  the  curved 
strokes  the  same  side  as  the  w-hook,  but  about  twice  as 
large  in  each  case. 

102.  The  strokes  ^  y  and  ^  w  do  not  require  the  shn- 
h:)ok,  for  the  writing  of  English  words,  and  on  some  of 
th3  others  it  is  rarely  if  ever  used. 

103.  Stems  taking  the  «/m-hook  are  vocalized  simply  as 
those    having    the    7i-hook;    thus:    \^      potion^  I     addition, 

J^  sedition,  G_0  section,  J ^  discussion,  ^^  omission,  r     fashion, 

i  ^vision,  ^\-f  junction. 

101.  When  the  sound  of  sh  and  n  final  are  the  only  con- 
sonants in  a  word,  the  .form  ^  must  be  used  as  \J  ocean; 
and  if  an  accented  vowel  come  between  the  sh  and  n,  the 
sam3  form  must  be  used;  as  ^^~^  machine. 

10-3.  This  hook  may  also  be  used  advantageously  in  the 
middle  of  many  words;  as  I  ■<r^'  dictionanj,  r—^V^'  *'''«- 
sionarij,    Nip     functionarij. 

10(3.  The  circle  s  may  be  added  lo  form  the  plural  of  words 
ending  in  -sion,  -tion,  by  writing  it  inside  of  the  hook;  thus: 
"L    additions,      \ r^,  discussions,  [, — ^  admissions. 

107.  The  sAn-hook  may  also  be  written  to  a  stem  having  a 
final  s-circle,  an  7is-circle,  or  an  s^r-loop;  as  ^—9  accession, 
J  .    decision,     )■    cessation,  'V.  compensation,     'C/^  illustration. 


'    70  ECLECTIC   MANUAL 


The  ^-circle   may   be  added   to   this  form  of  the  hook;  as 
^f^ positions ,  \r)   physicians. 

The  vocalization  of  this  hook  is  seldom  necessary,  as  the 
preceding  syllables  generally  indicate  Avhat  the  Avord  is ;  but 
the  second-place  vowels  a  and  e  may  be  written  to  the  middle 
of  the  hook,  and  the  third-place,  i,  to  the  end,  as  shown  above, 

108.    SHN-llOOK   WOED-SIGXS, 

Y;  objection,    \j  subjection,     i     temptation,    —^  occasion, 

^^^  revolution,    ^~^  motion,    — ^  nation. 

Readikg  Exercise  XI. 

I.   g  /?   L>-  j_p  ^  _^.  ^ 

^  '^  Vs   U  cL^    to 

•  *  • 

P        y      e*   ^—^'    -^—^^    \z    ^^   /^r^   0^* 

WEiniirG  Exercise  XV. 

Passion,  potion,  auction,  option,  rotation,  oppression, 
repression,  obligation,  instigation,  ambition,  abrogation, 
duration,  adhesion;  selections,  delegations,  exhibitions, 
eruptions. 

Fusion,  provision,  invasion,  revision,  division,  session, 
collision,  abolition,  adulation,  inflation;  emotions,  orations, 
ammunition,  nominations. 


OF   rilONOGRAPHY.  71 


Writixo  Exercise    XV — Coxcluded. 

Petitioner,  occasicnal,  additional,  rational,  visionary, 
national,  provisional. 

Causation,  decision,  opposition,  supposition,  propositions, 
accusations,  precision,  dispensation,  physicians,  musician, 
sensation,  molestation,  illustrations. 

TABLE  OF  THE  Tit    AND  THE    HOOK. 


^  P-tr 

J  t-tr 

^  ch-tr 

~^k-tr 

\^b-tr 

Jd-tr 

(/  J-t»- 

"~^  g-tr 

/^r-tr 

/'^  h-tr 

109.  This  hook  is  written  on  the  straight  strokes  only, 
since  the  curves  can  take  but  one  large  hook,  and  that  is 
used  for  the  shn-\\ook.  It  occupies  the  «-hook  side,  and  is 
written  the  same  size  as  the  shn-\\odk. 

110.  It  is  generally  used  to  represent  the  syllables  -ter,  -tor, 
-thcr,     and     sometimes    -ture;  thus:     ^^  potter,         -^  actor, 

I'J  tighter,  '  ^  (jather,  \  '  structure.  In  the  latter  word 
and  others  of  its  class,  only,  is  the  vocalization  peculiar, 
as  in  §70. 

111.  The  «-circle  may  be  added,  to  form  the  plural  or  pos. 
sessive  case  of  words;    as:    \    plotters,  ^~^    gathers,    X 
pictures,  ^  writers.     The  n-hook  may  occasionally  be  writ- 
ten inside  of  this  large  hook,  for  the  addition  cf  the  word 
than;  as    J^  iighter-than,  /^  rather-than. 

112.  This  hook  is  sometimes  used  in  the  middle  of  words 
advantageously;  as:   J        daughter-in-law^    ^\         hrother-in- 

Inw,  X      subterfuge,       y^    hitherto,  ' 

llS.^T'hese  syllables  -ter,  -tor,  -(her,  etc.,  are  represented 
on   the  curves  by   simply   doubling   their    length,  which   is 


a 


72 


ECLECTIC  JIAXUAL 


equivalent  to  straightening  out  the  hirge  hook,  so  that  it  may 
be  distinguished  from  the  s/in;  thus:  l^  father,  f'  later, 
^ — '.  neater,  ^CL/^~  falter,  ^7~n^  '  viotherly,  ^"--y/  entirely^ 
*— ^ '   sujnature, 

114.  Doubling  the  curves  '"^  mp,  mb,  and  v--'  vg,  is 
not  needed  for  the  addition  of  tr,  thr ;  therefore  these  signs 
made  double-length  are  utilized  for  the  addition  of  -cr, 
-ger,  or  -kcr ;    as    U — >^  damper,  ^    ^    limber,    ^ — "   anger, 

^^ — ■^    linger,     \^^^       hanker. 

115.  The  8-circle  may  be  added  to  these  double-strokes;  as 
v__P  anoflier's;   also,  the  n-hook,  for   the   addition  of    the 

words  one  and  thari;  as    ^- — '->  another-one,    /^     lighter-than. 

IIG.    rn    AXD     THIi   WORD-SIGNS. 

V        father*    /    ~^    matter*    ^"^N    mother^     V V  another' 

V y  neither^  /^"^^    latter''     <^        further-         J)  shorter' 

^*_-^  longer*  younger-       "~^  order       ^*\   wider*  weather'' 

Rkadino  Exi'iKcrsjc  XL 

V  s  y  J"  J"  c/-  ^  ^  ^  /^  <^ 


^^  ^^ 


OF   PHOXCKiBAPHY. 


73 


Writing  Exercise  XVI. 

Pother,  batter,  debtor,  sputter,  splatter,  victor,  heater; 
stutters,  brothers,  gutters,  doctors;  debater,  dissipator, 
operator,  curator,  desccrator,  demonstrator,  reflector. 

Feature,  voter,  softer,  sifter,  flatter,  theater;  southern, 
oysters,  shorter,  lighter,  loiter,  slaughter,  orators,  weather, 
water,  murder,  northern,  senators,  smother,  innovator, 
elevator,  provider,  dissenter,  originator;  timber,  limber, 
slumber,  November,  hanker,  hunker. 


Reading  Exercise  XIII. 


^d^ 


/  c\.    ^^    A 


^ 

7 


% 


\>         •' 


r 


\ 


^■ 


.      P-\    Uc 


^.  Zy,  ^7,  ^  ^Y^  L^-  ^<7.. 
y    "Y^,  .  v.  ^  <L  ^  °  YVj^>c 


tj. 


74  ECLECTIC   aiANUAL 


Writixg  Exercise  XVII. 

Passion  and  oppression  drive  men  to  revolution. 

Ambition  is-au  emotion  liable  to-long  duration. 

Violations  of-moral  obligations  deserve  disapprobation. 

In-this  nation  of  freemen  every  voter  may-be  a  senator. 

Observation  and  determination  insure  the-best  legislation. 

Neither  father  nor  mother  can  supply  the-place  of  another. 

The  careless  debtor  is  likely  to-become  a  dissipator  and 
to-slumber  in-the  gutter. 

It-is  entirely  a  matter  of  choice  whether  oysters  are  eaten 
in  November  or  December, 

The  pen  of  the  ready  writer  is  a  scepter  of  power 
which  knows  no  limitation. 

Man's  subjection  to-temptation  gives  occasion,  first,  for  dis- 
sipation, and-thcn  for  reformation. 

The  calculation  of  the  diameter  of  the  earth  is  based  on  the 
discoveries  of  the  later  philosophers. 

Brothers  and  sisters  should  make  provision  for  each  other's 
information  and  progression  in  co-operation, 

REVIEW    OF    LESSON   EIGHTH. 

(§99.)  Wbat  syllables  are  represented  by  the  «^n-hook?  (?101,) 
How  is  it  written?  (fl04. )  In  what  classes  of  words  must  the  strolie 
ah  and  n-hook  be  used,  and  not  the  »/iH-hook?  (§106.)  How  may  the 
«-eircle  be  added  to  this  hook?  (^107.)  How  may  the  «A»i-hook  be 
added  to  a  stem  ending  with  a  circles?  (^108.)  What  are  the  shn- 
hook  word-signs?  (§109.)  How  is  the  ir  and  fAr-hook  written? 
(§111.)  Is  the  «-cirele  added  to  this  hook?  (§113.)  Explain  the 
double-length  curved  strokes.  (§114. 'l  What  is  the  effect  of  doubling 
the  length  of  ot;>  and  nrjl  (§116.)  What  are  the  straight  tr  and  thr 
word-signs?    What  are  the  word-signs  of  the  double-length  curves? 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  75 


!f  tttll|  JfB$$ntt> 


IRREGULAR   DIPHTHONGS-BRIEF    W,    F  AND    //. 

117.  The  fact  that  the  sounds  of  tv  and  y  never  occur  in 
English  except  before  vowels,  and  thus  occur  so  frequently, 
induced  the  inventor  of  Phonography  to  provide  for  repre- 
senting tiie  combination  of  each  of  these  elemcnt-s  with  each 
of  the  vowels,  by  single  signs.  In  doing  so,  he  selected  signs 
so  brief,  and  that  so  readily  unite  with  other  signs,  that,  like 
the  circle  s,  they  are  more  frequently  used  than  the  regular 
stroke  signs. 

118.  The  sign  for  the  tw-series  is  obtained  by  dividing  a 
small  circle  perpendicularly,  thus:  c|j  ;  taking  the  first,  or 
left-hand  half  of  the  circle,  to  represent  the  union  of  w  with 
the  first,  or  dot  series  of  vowels;  and,  like  them,  it  is  made 
heavy  for  the  long,  or  full  sounds,  thus:  I  weed,  ^  wave; 
and  light  for  the  short,  as:    c[  wet,^/  witch. 

119.  The  second  half  of  the  circle  represents  the  union  of 
w  with  the  second,  or  dash  series  of  vowels,  heavy  and  light ; 
as    ? —  walk,    3//\  warp,  J)  wash.* 

*Thei?c  diphthongal  signs  were  at  first,  and  until  recently,  written 
separately  from  the  strokes,  in  the  first,  second,  and  third  places, 
the  same  as  the  simple  vowels;  but  for  the  sake  of  greater  legibility 
when  the  vowels  are  omitted,  in  rapid  writing,  it  is  found  better  to 
represent  the  to  elciuciit  in  nearly  all  words  in  which  it  occurs. 


f" 

ECLECTIC 

MAIfUAL 

120 

TABLE 

OF 

FHE     ir-SERIES. 

THE 
Long. 

*1    wah 

DOT 

GROUP. 

Short. 

'\  wa 

THE    DASH  GROUP. 

Long.                  Short. 
*|  wau               ^[  w6 

«|   wa 

c  j   w6 

j|  wo 

5|  wu 

cl   we 

cl    Wl 

,(  woo 

,1  w66 

121.  These  signs  should  be  written  as  small  as  they  well 
can  be  and  preserve  distinct  semi-circles;  and  they  must 
always  he  written  vertically,  and  not  change  with  the  differ- 
ent positions  of  the  consonants. 

122.  Practically,  of  late  years,  only  the  first-place  signs 
of  this  w-series  are  used  to  any  extent,  and  they  are  em- 
ployed to  represent  the  simple  power  of  w,  leaving  the  vowel 
to  be  understood,  or  inserted.  When  thus  used,  either  half 
of  the  circle  may  be  written,  according  to  convenience  in 
joining,  and  the  light  sign  should  be  employed;  but  when 
one  sign  is  as  readily  joined  to  the  following  stroke  as  the 
other,  that  one  should  be  used  which  indicates  the  group  to 
which    the  vowel  belongs  that  is  heard  in  the  syllable  ;  thus: 

.]  wed,~^  wod,  J)  wish.  To  —  h  and  /  r,  however, 
only  the  sign  of  the  dash-group  can  be  written,  hence  we 
write :  a — '  week,  i— :  wig,  as  well  as  ^^  woke  and  >/'  war. 
On  \^  and  "\  also,  ^  is  most  easily  written,  while  on 
/   and    /     ^    is    most    readily    joined;     thus,    \   weep, 

"N^  web,    '/  watch,    vr   wedge. 

THE   TT'^HOOKS. 

123.  For  convenience  in  joining,  and  to  get  better  forms  for 
many  words,  w  is  also  represented  by  a  large  initial  hook  on 
I  and  upstroke  r,  thus:  /^  wl,.  /  ivr.  The  hook  is  read  first, 
then  the  vowel  and  following  stroke  to  which  it  is  prefixed; 
as,  ^/^  wall,  '(^K welfare,  .y  wire,  •vi,,jJ>Y    unworthy. 


OF  PUONOGKAPJIY, 


124.  There  is  a  large  class  of  words  which,  in  the  com- 
mon ortliograjihy,  contain  tlie  combination  qu,  which  in 
Phonography  are  equivalent  to  ku\  as  in  quuke,  inquire; 
a  smaller  number,  containing  the  similar  combination  (jn, 
as  in  languid;  there  is  also  a  considerable  class  of  words  in 
which  t  and  (/  are  followed  by  w,  as  in  twice,  twist,  dwell. 
These  combinations  are  likewise  represented  by  a  large 
initial  hook,  but  unlike  the  tf>-hook  in  §123  where  the  hook 
is   read  first,  in  these  cases  the  stroke  is  read   first  and  then 

the     hook,    followed    by  the     vowel;     thus:     ^ -^  queer, 

^ — ^    inquire,       7— r      quiet,    ^"^^^    anguish,    |^v*  twice. 

125.  In  the  table  of  r  hooks,  §61,  ^~^  m  and  ^-^n  were 
directed  to  be  written  heavy,  with  a  small  initial  hook,  for 
the  combination  a — n  mr,  v_^  nr,  so  as  to  leave  the  same 
forms,  written  light,  for  another  purpose.  That  pur^xjso  is 
the  representation  of  iv  in  combination  with  m  and  n;  thus, 
c  ^  wm,  ■^^  %iin,  in  such  words  as  (r~^  woman,  <::_^^  when, 
<zl^  one;  and  more  especially  in  such  frequent  phrases  as, 
c~^   we-may,  ^ — -^  when-there,  <i_-^    one-other. 

126.  The  circle  s  may  be  prefixed  to  these  «v-hooks; 
as  .^^-^^ swear,  '^ — -.  square,  (2.__f~  squall,  ^^ — 1  squad  The 
circle  s  may  also  be  written  inside  of  the  brief  ^  anl 
•*  when  it  cannot  be  otherwise  readily  expressed; 
as:  ^    sweaty,      /     switch. 

THE    ir-WORD-SIGXS. 

127.  These  diphthongs  ^d  hooks  afford  a  number  of 
additional  word-signs  Like  the  simple  vowel-signs,  most 
of  them  are  to  be  written  above,  or  on  the  lines  as  their 
positions  in   the   table   indicate. 

*  we  J.  with  -"    what  ^    would 

Z'  while,  well,      ^  were,  C —  equally,   '^-^when,   .^^^  one. 


78 


ECLECTIC   MANUAL 


Eeadinc  Exekcise  Xiy. 


[^  p^  f •  i^  C:.  Df  c^  e^  P^ 


r~^' 


n.  e-^ 


^  ^  e^^-^  y 


Writing  Exercise  XVIII. 
Weedy,  widower,  Webster,  week-day,  wishing,  washing, 
wabble,  window,  Winchester,  wifely,  winged,  wench, 
winsome,  Avinner,  womanly;  wallow,  welcome,  well-being, 
well-nigh,  willing,  willingness;  weary,  weariness,  wiry, 
wary,  warily,  wearisome,  worry,  worthless,  wire,  wire- 
puller, warehouse,  war-whoop,  Avar-horse,  warrantee;  quick, 
quack,  quickly,  quest,  inquest,  quire,  inquire,  quietness, 
quill,  quell,  quiz,  equip,  equity,  quota,  queen;  qualifies, 
quail,  query,  querruIou3,  quenchless,  quorum;  tweak,  tweed, 
tweezers,  twist,  twister,  betwixt;  dwell,  dwarf;  squeeze, 
squeezed,  square,  squire,  squad,  squallor,  squeamish,  seques- 
ter ;  swore,  swarm,  swarthy. 


OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


79 


TABLE    OF    THE 
TUIZ   DOT    (iltOUP. 
Jmi(<i.  Short. 

J  y^  .1  y^ 


y-SERIES. 

THE   DASH  GBOUP. 

Long.  Short. 

-{  yau  -^1  yo 

«j  yo  -|  yu 


128.  To  obtain  characters  to  represent  the  j/-series  of  irreg- 
ular diphthongs,  the  small  circle  is  divided  horizontally, 
thus:  -0-  ;  the  under  half,  representing  the  dot  group  of 
vowels,  is  made  heavy  for  the  long  sounds  and  light  for 
the  short;  as,  ''^  yarn.  The  upper  half  represents  the 
union  of  y  with  the  dash  group  of  vowels,  heavy  and  light ; 
as,   -^    yoke,   y       yorli. 

129.  As  with  the  brief  w-signs,  the  signs  of  this  y-series 
are  used  to  a  considerable  extent  to  represent  the  simple 
power  of  y,  leaving  the  vowel  to  be  understood  or  inserted; 
as  ''•'^-''"r-  Yanlxe,  7  youth,  ^^^^  young,  V7°  utilize.  But 
it  is  also  used  frequently  as  a  vowel,  in  the  second  and 
third  places  as  well  as  the  first;  thus:  {^^^  lawyer, 
^~~i^    induce,  /*    genius,  ^^^^  ratio,   .V   idiot.* 

Keadixg  Exekcise  XV. 


•■In  the  last  three,  and  many  similar  word.^,  where  the  i  precedes 
anotlier  vowel,  it  is  not  pronounced  exactly  ai  y,  but  it  comes  so  near 
it  that,  in  order  to  avoid  lifting  the  pen  and  writing  two  signs,  they 
are  written  as  above. 


80  ECLECTIC    MANUAL 


MODES  OF  WRITIXG  ASPIRATE  //. 

130.  The  aspirate  h  occurs  so  frequently  at  the  beginning 
of  words,  and  being  one  of  the  weakest  elements  in  the 
alphabet,  it  may  be  appropriately  represented  by  the  briefest 
sign ;  accordingly  the  stroke  ^  A  is  reduced  to  the  tick  ^ 
alone,  wherever  it  can  be  readily  united  with  the  next  con- 
sonant, and  it  so  unites  with  —  h,  —  g,  )  s,}  z,  f^  l,~^  ^> 
^^m,  '^w;  as  in  the  following  words:  ^ — *  hook,  ^^ —  hog, 
•)  hazy,  j^^^  help,  *\—^  harm,  ^hcro,  t^^  home,  "^  whine. 
It     may    be     also    written   to     brief     >    ;     as;    ^ —  ivhach, 

^— i  whig,  \^  whiff.  The  aspirate  is  indicated  before 
C  wl,  c^^  wr,  by  thickening  the  hook ;  as  */^  whale, 
cXV"      wherefore. 

131.  ^  Occasionally,  in  the  advanced  style  of  writing,  in 
order  to  obtain  brief  forms  for  words  of  frequent  occurrence, 
in  which  brief  ^  h  cannot  be  used,  both  signs  are  omitted ;  as 
' — ^  \  vnhappy,  I  adhere.  In  former  editions  of  Phonogra- 
phy, the  h  was  represented  in  this,  and  most  of  the  above 
classes  of  words,  by  writing  a  light  dot  before  the  vowel; 
as  •"X^o  happiness,  \-^ abhor.  This  is  still  allowable, 
though  it  is  rarely  necessary. 

In  a  few  words,  mostly  proper  names,  a  downward  form  of 

V 


j/  Jchu^^^^^Mahomef. 


z 


THE    l-^WORD-SIGNS. 


131.    The   following   are   the   word-signs  of  this  y-series: 
"  year,         o  years,  "  yet,  ^  beyond,  ^  you. 


OF   PHOXOGKAPHY.  81 

WnmxG  Exercise  XIX. 

Yearly,  yearling,  yacht,  yarn,  yell,  yelk,  yes,  yore, 
young,  youngster,  youth,  youthful,  unieon,  union,  utility, 
utensil,  Utopian,  unity,  uniform,  Unitarian,  universe, 
universal,  Universalist,  Universalism,  university,  unique, 
ubiquity,   usury,  usurious,  usurp,  usurpation. 

Yawl,  yeoman,  yelp,  yoTce-fellow,  ol)vious,  enviour, 
onion,  pinion,   minions,  palliation,  abbreviation,  alleviation. 

With  the  stroke  Y. — Yawn,  yean,  yearn,  yellow,  yellowish. 

Hack,  hackman,  hackney,  hog,  hug,  hoax,  hoggish,  hogs- 
head; haze,  hazy,  huzzy,  huzzah;  hiss,  hissing;  hail,  heal, 
health,  hellish,  help,  helper,  helm,  hull,  wholesale,  whole- 
some, halter;  hear,  hair,  hearse,  horse,  hearken,  horseback, 
horror,  harm,  harmonize,  harmoniously,  harsh;  hereby, 
herein,  hearsay;  horrible,  ham,  hemp,  homesick,  homespun, 
hominy,  humbug,  humiliation;  whale,  wheel,  whilst;  Avhelm, 
whelp,  wheelbarrow,  wharf,  wharfage,  where,  whereby, 
whereas,  wherein,  whereupon,  wherever,  whirl;  whack,  whig. 

Keadixo  Exercise  XVI. 


82  ECUECTIC    MAKUAL 

WRiTiJfG  Exercise  XX. 

Yale  College  j-early  receives  many  young  pupils. 

We  would-be  willing  to-wear  the  honors  of  Webster. 

The   youth    of-our  Union    uniformly  assume  superiority. 

The  utility  of-a  utensil  should-be  obvious  at  first  view. 

Healthful  exercise  harmonizes  the  various  functions  of 
body  and  brain. 

A  quiet  and  uniform  course  of  study  qualifies  any  one 
for  honest  industry. 

The  quack  quickly  equips  his  horse,  and  hastens  to 
humbug- the  homesick  woman. 

When  one  lives  beyond  his  years  he  loses  his  youthful 
ambition,  and-becomes  worthless. 

The  yelling  youngster  yearns  to  whack  the  horse  with 
his  Avhip,  while  he  twists  the  halter. 

It  is  horrible  to  hoax-the  humble  people  by-the  million, 
whereby  they-are  victimized  by-the  wholesale. 

The  weeping  widower  speaks  well  of-his  deceased  wife, 
while  on-the  outlook  for  some  winsome  widow. 

REVIEW  OF   THE    >'INTII  LESSON. 

(?218.)  Describe  the  brief  method  of  writing  tc.  Which  half  of 
the  circle  represents  the  first  series  of  vowels?  (^119.)  Which  the 
second  series?  (^121.)  How  are  these  signs  written  with  reference 
to  inclined  strokes?  ( ^122. )  When  joined  to  stroke  signs,  which  of  the 
series  is  used?  ( i;123.)  What  strokes  take  a  large  initial  hook  for  »r? 
(^124.)  How  are^M  and  gr«  represented?  (^125.)  How  is  w  represented 
on  m  and  n?  (i(127. )  What  are  the  tc-diphthong  word-signs?  What 
the  jo-hook  word  signs?  (§128.)  How  is  brief  y  written?  Which  half 
of  the  circle  represents  the  first  series  of  vowels?  Which  the  second? 
(^130.)  What  are  the  y  word-signs?  (<S1.31.)  How  is  brief  h  written? 
To  what  strokes  may  it  be  written?  How  is  h  indicated  on  a  ic  hook? 
( ''A%1. )  When  may  the  sign  for  A  be  omitted,  and  how  afterward  sup- 
plied? 


OF  PHOXOOUAPHY.  83 


m^i  Jf0$$xm. 


HALVING  THE  STROKES  TO  ADD  T  OR  D. 

133.  In  consequence  of  the  frequent  recurrence  of  the 
sounds  t  and  d,  it  is  found  very  convenient,  and  sometimes 
necessary,  to  give  them  another  and  more  contracted  repre- 
sentation. In  chemistrj',  it  is  well  known,  the  more  a  sub- 
stance— a  poison,  or  steam,  for  example — is  concentrated,  the 
greater  is  its  power;  so,  in  order  to  get  a  duplication  of  the 
power  of  the  consonants  /  and  d  without  writing  them  at 
length,  the  single  strokes  \  and  | ,  by  being  compressed  into 
half  their  length,  are  made  to  represent  the  addition  of  a  <  or  d. 

134.  In  the  same  way  the  power  ot  t  or  d  may  be  added 
to  all  other  consonants,  viz:  by  writing  them  half  their 
usual  length. 

135.  To  illustrate  this  principle,  suppose  the  word  faded  is 
to  be  written:  there  are  three  consonants  in  it,  all  downward 
strokes,  which  would  carry  the  last  d  the  length  of  two  strokes 
below  the  line,  but  by  making  the  first  d  half  its  usual 
length  another  (/  is  supposed  to  be  added,  and  the  word  is 
thus  neatly  written:  Vr  faded.  So  with  the  word  apetite, 
in  which,  following  the  down-stroke  p,  the  letter  t  must  be 
repeated;  by  writing  the  first  one  half  its  usual  length 
another  /  is  indicated,  and  the  word  is  thus  briefly  written : 

\  apetite. 


'    84  ECLECTIC   MANUAL 


136.  This  principle  of  contraction  is  further  illustrated  by 
comparing  the  following  words:  j"  talk,  [^  talked; 
/\  rap,  /^\  rapped;  (^\^  live,  ^^  lived;  [^  deal, 
\>-  dealt;   I.  deem,   \,  deemed. 

137.  As  a  general  thing,  resulting  from  the  necessary  ac- 
tion of  the  vocal  organs  in  producing  the  successive  sounds 
in  words,  the  light  strokes,  Avhen  halved,  are  followed  by  the 
light  sound,  t;  as>  \  pat,  ^  fought,  ~  caught,  |^  delight; 
and  the  heavy  strokes,  when  written  half-length,  are  followed 
by  the  heavy  sound,  d;  as  /\  robbed,  /^  ragged, 
^'~\^   moved. 

138.  But  occasionally  the  light  sound,  t,  will  follow  a  heavy 
stroke,  and  also  the  heavy  sound,  d,  follow  a  light  stroke ;  as 
in     /^     rebut,     ^"Aji    invite;     1/   deride,    ^~~/<'   melted, 

/I  ,  redeemed,  yV  retired.  Generally  the  sense  of  the 
preceding  words  will  indicate  what  any  word  of  this  class 
should  be,  even  without  vocalizing, 

139.  The  halving  principle  is  applied  to  strokes  having 
initial  and  final  circles,  hooks  and  loops;  or,  rather,  circles, 
hooks  and  loops  are  written  on  half  length  strokes,  the  same 
as  on  full  length  strokes;  thus:  "^  spite,  v  pets,  \*  bleed, 
^  blind,  %  straight,  ^»  straivied,  I  settled,  q— :  secret~\  stopjjed, 
V  P^'.ff^'^j     C/   stationed,     '^    battered,    ^    freight,    ^   soft, 

Jl^    stuffed,  '^  stored,  (T^  stemmed,    ^  motioned,  '"^L    outward, 
y/^"'  ruined. 

140.  The  rule  of  reading  the  added  t  or  d,  it  will  be  ob- 
served by  the  above  examples,  is  to  give  the  added  power 
immediately  after  the  half-length,  or  after  its  final  hook ;  but 
Avhen  a  final  s-circle  or  «Moop  is  written  to  a  half-length 
stroke,  the   t  or  d  is  read  before  the  circle  or  loop ;  thus, 

■~  cat,  -^  cats,  not  cast,  which  is  written  .p-.=  cast; 
o   amid,  '^  amidst. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


141.  With  the  foregoing  explanations,  the  order  of  reading 
vocalized  half-lengths  will  be  sim2)le,  since  it  is  i)ractical!y 
the  same  as  with  the  full  strokes. 

142.  Half-length  strokes  may  be  employed  in  the  beginning 
or   middle  of  words,  as  well  as  finally ;  thus:     -C,^-^  bottom, 

^«    between,     ^\   editor,     ,/i^    hospitable,    '^^    creditable; 
\     baffled^  ^^^^  rumored,  o;, -o  sentitncni.  ^ 

WHEN  IIALF-LEXGTnS  SHOULD  >'0T  BE  USED. 

143.  The  final  syllables  -ted  and  -ded,  are  generally  written 
with  a  half-length  j  or  I ,  instead  of  adding  the  full  stroke 
to  the  primitive  form  of  the  word ;  thus:  —  act,  1-  in  pref- 
erence to  ^  acted;  /"\*  repeaij  y'^\^  not  /^  repeated; 
■7   guide,  "n-  guided.  •!  "I 

144.  "When  a  word  contains  d-d,  or  t-d,  following  another 
down  stroke  sign,  it  is  sometimes  necessary  to  write  a 
detached  half-length  t  or d;  as:  |T  (fa/<-(f,  ^^'iretreatcd. 

145.  The  half-length  )  «,  for  the  sake  of  symmetry  and 
brevity,  may  be  written  upward  after  the  «/»i-hook;  as 
I      X  educationist,    ^A^    injlationist. 

RULES  FOR    WrJTIXG    -TED,  -DEI),  iC. 
1-lG.  Monosyllabic  words  containing  I  and  d  should  be  writ- 
ten with   the   full  strokes,  leaving  the  half-length  /for  words 
containing  /  and  /;  thus:  ^^  Icail,  j/O  alloiccd;  f^ light,  ^  let. 

147.  "When  r  is  followed  by  t  or  d,  in  monosyllables  begin- 
ning with  r,  the   full-strokes  should  be  used ;  as    ,^  ^'^gfd, 

Crate^    /^   road,     since   half-length  ^     rt   would   conflict 
with  the  word-sign    /  shotdd. 

148.  lu  words  of  two  or  more  syllables,  in  which  there  is 
but  one  consonant  beside  a  t  or  d,  the  latter  should  be  repre- 
sented by  a  full    stroke:    as  ^^  poet,  ^^ diet ;  also:  V  aw/</, 


(instead  of  V^  void);  ""pf^  annoyed. 


86  ECLECTIC   MANUAL 


149.  When  the  sound  of  t  or  d  ia  the  final  consonant,  but 
followed  by  a  vowel,  the  full  stroke  must  be  written ;  as 
Cj'^  /cfM%,  [^"^  tardy;  also,  in  words  where  the  half-length 
cannot  be  clearly  indicated;  as  '"^^^  instead  of  ^'"^. 
moneyed;  ^^'"'^  instead  of  ^^—^^  animate;  f  [  instead  of 
f  looked;  \ .  instead  of  V^  •  affect;  "-  ~~1  in- 
stead   of  "= '~  correct. 

READiNa  Exercise  XVII. 

^-    ^  J.:  J--./!.,  x,    I.  .v^„.  ^   /^  ^  ^A 

/^-  N/^-    U    b  "^  ^^    V.     U     ^     Up    X. 

^--H- ■^.  ^•-A-A_.p-  -p.   ^   ^   9\    -c- ;^ 

AVPvITIxg  Exercise  XXL 

Bad,  deed,  dead,  tight,  caught;  deeds,  doubts,  cheats, 
kites,  gets;  fate,  fat,  foot,  vote,  viewed,  thought,  sat, 
sight,  shot,  late,  mate;  fights,  fits,  sets,  shoots,  meets, 
nigiits,  arts;  bride,  proud,  trot,  street,  flight,  fret,  fruit, 
threat,  throat,  shred;  plot,  blood,  glad,  flat,  float;  band, 
tend,  count,  gained,  rent,  find,  offend,  land,  lend,  mend; 
pants,  attends,  rents,  finds,  lends,  minds;  repent,  refined, 
enjoined,  ordained,  pretends,  discounts;  advent,  advocate, 
definite,  replied,  requite,  reserved,  heated,  habit. 


OF   PHOXOGRAPHY. 


87 


150.  IIALF-LENGTII  WORD-SIGNS. 


_    f  caught 
(  could 

__  !  God 
(  good 

_^  I  cannot 
1  account 

'^-     called 

■^     accoiding-ly 

—     great 
spirit 
(  particular 
(.opportunity 
f  gentleman 
i  gentlemen 


-\ 


c/ 


t      toward 
^      told 
(       thought 
.    f  that 
'    1  without 

j  sat 
^  (  set 
^  j  after 

i  future 

(.  nature 

f  went 
"  \  wont 
^     under 


/' 


child 
world 
Lord 
short 
word 

held  01'  hold 
light 
let 

might 
met 
made 

immediate-ly 
wind 
_  wound 
^     wide 

151.  The  forms  ^  held  or  hold,  ^^  made  or  immediately, 
and  ^  under,  given  in  the  above  table,  are  derived  from 
the  facts :  first,  that  ^  y,  ^"^  mp ,  and  >-•  ng,  written 
half  length,  unconnected  with  other  strokes,  are  never 
needed;  second,  that  by  thickening  a  half  length  light-stroke 
the  addition  of  d  is  indicated,  and  not  t;  hence  ^  Id, 
--^  md,  -^nd,  properly  represent  the  above  words. 

Reading  Exepxise  XVIII. 


r 

r  ■ 


A 


I 


^ 


^ 


S      I.     ^     ..]...    ^  ...1...   X     ^      \o     ^>^     ..^^.     (T      ^, 

1      <     .^     (    ,    ^     C    ^.    \    ^     aI     --    ^  X 

^-   '  -L  '  C^\   )     1-^'  .-    ->x 


r 


r 


^ 


-X.lS) 


J.  ^ 


»     %,y 


88  ECLECTIC    MANUAL 


Wkitixg  Exercise  XXII. 

Grod  is  as  good  as  he  is  great,  and  cannot  do  wrong. 

The  word  of    the  Lord  is  given  as  our  guide  in  life. 

Freedom  of  thought  greatly  promotes  the  spirit  of  liberty. 

Reward  of  merit  is  one  of  the  greatest  incentives  to  effort. 

The  greatest  wealth  amounts  to  little  when  one  is 
called  to  part  with  it  all. 

Supply  and  demand,  according  to  the  laws  of  trade, 
are  supposed  to  regulate  prices. 

A  good  and  sound  mind  is-a  kind  of  divinity  lodged  in 
human  nature,  that-is  a-blessing  to  all  about-it. 

A  good  man  is-a  gentleman  who  wants  good  laws  made, 
so-that  all  who  live  under-them  may  be  benefited. 

The  man  who-is  without  God  in-this  great  world,  might 
be  looked  upon  as-a  ship  at  sea,  destitute  of  chart,  and 
not  bound  for  any  port    in  particular. 

Sin  cannot  remain  at-a  stand;  if  we  don't  retreat  from 
it,  we  are  sure  to-be  carried  with-it;  and- the  further  on 
we  go  the  more  we  will-have  to  return. 

REVIEW  OF  THE  TENTH  LESSON. 

(2135.)  How  may  the  power  of  (  or  d  be  added^to  any  stroke? 
(§137.)  If  a  light  stroke  is  written  half-length,  which  is  generally  ad- 
ded at  or  d?  If  a  heavy  stroke,  which?  (JJISS.)  May  strokes  having 
circles,  loops,  and  hooks  be  halved?  Where  is  the  added  (  or  d  read, 
in  the  CBrSe  of  half-length  strokes  ending  with  a  hook?  Whore  is  the 
(  or  d  read,  in  case  a  half-length  ends  with  an  ••circle  or  et-loop? 
(§142.)  May  half  length  strokes  be  written  at  the  beginning  or  middle 
of  words,  as  well  as  at  the  end?  (§143.)  How  are  the  syllables  ted 
and  ded  generally  written?  ( §144. )  When  ted  or  dcd  follow  a  pre- 
ceding down  stroke,  how  may  it  be  written?  (§146.)  When  should  l-d 
be  written  by  the  full  length  strokes?  (§148.)  When  should  l-t  be 
written  in  full?  ( §148  and  149. )  In  what  other  cases  should  t  and  rf 
be  written  in  full?  (§150.)  Write  as  many  half-length  word- 
signs  as  you  can  remember. 


OF   rilOXOGRAPIIV.  89 


UmtnWi  Jitmm. 


PREFIXES,  AFFIXES,  AND  ABBREVIATIONS. 

Having  presented  all  the  rudimental  principles  of  the 
Phoriograpliic  art,  the  learner' .s  attention  is  now  directed  to 
what  may  be  regarded  iis  somewhat  arbitrary  and  unscientific 
features  of  the  system,  Tliey  are  nevertheless  essential,  to 
avoid  lengthy  and  difficult  forms  for  long  words  and  to  afford 
sufficient  speed  in  writing. 

PREFIXES. 
152.  Com,  oox,  cuJt,  coo. — These  sjdlables  are  of  frequent 
occurrence,  both  initially  and  in  the  middle  of  words,  and 
therefore  claim  the  briefest  reprpsentation.  Com,  con  and 
cum,  when  beginning  a  sentence  or  line,  may  be  represented 
by  a  light  dot  written  near  the  beginning  of  the  following 
consonant;  thus:  \v'  coviphj,  \^  condemn,  "Y^  console] 
^\,J^cu7ubersovie.  When  preceded  by  a  consonant,  either  in 
the  same  or  a  preceding  word,  either  of  the  above  syllables  is 
indicated  by  proximity,  that  is,  by  writing  it  under  or 
close  to  the  preceding  consonant;  thus:  \  .  accompamj, 
I  \^  decomposition,  ^'°  v  circumscribe,  "-^  encumbered, 
\^^y/\  disconcerted,  ^^^\  reconcilable,  "^VN  irreconcilable, 
^~~^.  incomplete,  y^i—^  recognize,  /C  recommend,  and 
■^x^^  uncommon ;  so,  in  connection  with  a  preceding  word: 
,''^v   will  complij,   /qj-^  he  consented,  <_/?    and  commenced. 

Contra  and  counter  are  represented  by  a  short  dash,  written 
before   the   initial   end  of    the   following    consonant;    thus: 
[^  contradict,  \^  contravene,    I  —  counteract. 


90  ECLECTIC  MANUAL, 


153.  In  cases  where  the  forms  would  not  be  mistaken  for 
other  words,  the  prefix  may  be  united  with  the  rest  of  the 
word ;  as :         L  accommodation,    V_p    inconsistent. 

154.  Inter,  ixtro. — These  syllables  have  heretofore  been 
represented  by  "^  nt,  written  near  the  rest  of  the  word;  as 
~-"S^^  interview,    "^1  „  introduce;    and   sometimes  joined,    as 

P  interest.  But  since  the  more  extended  use  of  the  double- 
length  curved  signs,  it  is  found  more  convenient  and  apeedy, 
generally,  to  write-- — ^Titr;  as;  ^" — \^  interpose,^ — Xjj-y 
introduction. 

155.  Magna,  magne,  magni. — These  syllables  are  rep- 
resented by  '"^  written  over  the  first  part  of  the  rest  of  the 
word;  as:  "^^^^1,-—^  magnanimous,  '  V^  magnify,     \ .  magnetic. 

156.  Self. — As  a  prefix  this  word  is  represented  by  the 
a-circle,  generally  written  near  the  beginning  of  the  remain- 
der of  the  word;  as  ^[  self-conceit,  /^)\^  self-love;  but  in 
some  words  the  circle  may  be  united  to  the  following  conso- 
nant without  ambiguity;  as:    sU^_  self-evidsnt,  ^  selfish. 

157.  In  and  Un. — When  the  treble  consonants  'N^  spr, 
°\.  str,o —  shr,  are  preceded  by  the  syllable  in  or  un,  it  is  in- 
convenient to  write  the  necessary  --^^  n;  hence  it  is  repre- 
sented by  a  joined  prefix  in  the  nature  of  an  w-hook;  thus; 

[I  -~)  instruction, ^  \  ,  inscription,  °\  insuperable.  This 
hook  is  also  convenient  in  such  wordsX  q&:\^'^<^  insolvent, 
^-^  unseemly. 

AFFIXES. 

There  is  quite  a  number  of  terminal  syllables,  having  many 
words  in  each  class,  that  may  be  much  more  briefly  and 
speedily  indicated  than  written  out  in  full : 

158.  -Ality,  -ility,  -aeity. — Any  consonant  stem  may 
be  disjoined  from  the  one  preceding,  to  represent,  in  addi- 


OF   PUOXOGKAPHY.  <J1 


tion  to  its  own  sound,  the   gyllablea  -ality,ilUi/,  ar'Uij;  thus: 

\^^~^      fomudity,      Q 9\         sendbiliti/,      \o\    posgibiliti/, 

\/v       barbarities,    \^ ^'  peculiarity, 

1<39.  -Blk  aud  -dly, — When  it  i-j  inconvenient  to  form 
the  hook  for  tlie  final  syllable  ble  or  biy,  it  may  be  omitted ; 
as :    ?_Ji^     sensible,  I  /ashionable-y. 

160.  -Blexess,  -fulness,  -iveness,  -LEssjfEss. — Tliese 
terminations  may  be  repreisented  by  detached  stems; 
thus:  y^^^affabkness,  ^^-^\^  sin/idtiess,  <2_^  sensitiveness, 
"^  /"''^  heartlcssncss. 

161.  -Ing  and  -IXGS. — When  it  is  not  convenient  to  write 
the  stroke  >^^  ng  or  "*-^  nflr*,  the  syllable  ing  may  be  repre- 
sented by  a  dot  at  the  end  of  the  preceding  consonant, 
and  ings  by  an  »-circle  in  the  same  place,  thus:  I  doing, 
^'■^  joining,  \    buddings.  * 

1G2.  -Ly  is  sijmetimes  more  readily  written  by  disjoining; 

as:     "^/'^  kindly,  *t5^   humanely. 

1G3.  -^Mextal,  -5fEXTALiTY. — Represented  by  writing 
— ,  mnt  disjoined;  thus;  \    ^-^  fundamental,  '^■-^  instrumentality. 

1G4.  -Alogy  and  -ology  may  be  represented  by  dis- 
joining   /  j;  thus:   ^  gcneology,  K^/  phrenology. 

165.  Self  and  sei^ves  are  represented,  the  first  by  an 
»-cirele,  and  the  latter  by  a  «r«-circle,  either  joined  or  dis- 
joined; thus:  ""^  mysdj,  /^  yourself,  C     themselves. 

166.  Siirp  is  represented  by  the  stem  _J  sh,  disjoined 
when  mora  convenient  to  so  write  it;  as  ^  lordship, 
vi^'    ownership. 

1G7.  Word-sign3    may  be   written    either    as    prefixes  or 

afiixes;    thus:    \^q forsake,    >^^_^  afternoon,  r    withhold, 

'wp  understand. 


92  ECLECTIC    MANUAL 


Eeading  ExiuicisK  XIX. 

°^  °^   ^-x-   t^'  ^^  ^    °!^  V^  -<^ 

V  <i   -^"^   ^^  ^\  ^r  "^"-^  ^ 
^  ^  ^  v^   ^r  ^/^  !  --p.  ^o  ^° 

•>     ^^     L    ok.     V    ^^^    --     ^      '^      ^ 

Writing  Exercise  XX  [II. 

Combine,  combination,  compare,  commutation,  communi- 
ty; consider,  concerning,  congregate,  conduce,  compose, 
conjecture  conspire;  accomplish,  accomplice,  accommodate; 
circumvent,  circumference,  circumflex;  decomposed,  discon- 
nected, encumber,  inconsiderate,  incongruity;  reconsider, 
recumbent,  recommendation,  recognition,  recompense ;  un- 
concerned, uncompromising;  entertain,  interested,  interpre- 
tation, interruption;  magnificent,  magnetism,  magnanimity; 
self-interest,  self-defense,  self-control;  instruct,  instrument, 
inspiration,  insuperable,  insoluble,    enslave. 

Probability,  feasibility,  durability,  regularity,  irregularity, 
plurality,  singularity;  forcible  actionable,  erascible,  sur- 
mountable; saleableness,  reasonableness,  serviceableness ; 
wilfulness,  usefulness,  spitefulness,  combativeness,  manful- 
ness;  heedlessness;  thoughtlessness;  putting,  playing, 
spreading,  dreading,  repeating,  plotlings,  biddings,  headings; 
supplemental,  rudimental,  instrumentality ;  kindly,  secondly, 
physiology,  theology;  himself,  herself;  ourselves;  worship, 
leadership,  workmanship. 


OF   PHOKOGRAPHY.  93 


OMISSION  OF  VOWELS. 

In  §3G,  Rule  4,  directions  were  given  in  regard  to  the 
omission  of  the  vowel  e  in  the  initial  syllables  be,  de,  and  re. 
The  learner  may  now  begin  to  omit  other  nnaccented  vowels, 
writing  in  only  such  as  arc  necessary  to  indicate  each  word 
beyond  a  doubt. 

168.  The  statement  may  seem  strange,  that  the  omission  of 
many  of  the  vowel  signs,  so  far  from  obscuring  the  legibility 
of  phonography,  actually  contributes  to  its  simplicity  and  the 
ease  with  which  it  may  be  read,  as  well  as  written.  In  ordi- 
nary longliand,  and  even  in  common  print,  words  are  read  by 
their  outline,  their  length,  and  the  familiar  number  of 
ascending  and  descending  strokes;  and  just  so  it  is  in  phono- 
graphic writing,  the  outlines  of  words  are  not  changed  by  the 
failure  to  insert  all  the  dots  and  dashes.  Most  words 
differ  from  each  other  in  form,  by  reason  of  being  com- 
posed of  different  consonants,  or  the  same  consonants  in 
different  positions,  and  hence  arc  recognized  one  from 
another  without  much  reference  to  their  vowels. 

1G9.  The  following  words  illustrate  the  principle  of  insert- 
ing only  the  accented  vowels:  \^  obey,  -. — s/^  capital, 
,  J  __  radical,   1/'''^  terrible. 

170.  It  is  seldom  necessary  to  insert  a  vowel  when  it  comes 
in  a  syllable  represented  by  the  double  consonant  ^  pr  or 
^  pi;  thus:     v_^  permit,  V^       vocal,  ^^.^-^German. 

171.  It  is  also  unnecessary  to  vocalize  the  double-circle 
o  s-s,  the  rest  of  the  outline,  and  sometimes  the  sense  of  the 
sentence,     indicating    what    the    vowel    should   be;    thus: 

vO^     necessary,    ,^^    exercise. 

172.  When  a  word  begins  or  ends  with  a  vowel,  it  is 
better,  in  ordinary  writing,  to  insert  it;  as  y~  *^^^> 
[ attack,    /.I  ready. 


94  ECLECTIC   MANUAL 


DISSYLLABIC    DIPHTHONGS. 

173.  Besides  the  regular  diphthongs  ^  i,  ^  oi,  ^  ow,  r,  u, 
treated  of  iu  §30,  and  the  irregular  diphthongs,  «  we, 
>  wo,  «  yea,  "  yatv,  etc.,  given  in  gl21  and  §128,  it  is  found 
convenient  to  represent  by  a  single  sign,  the  sounds  of  two 
vowels  occurring  in  diflerent  syllables,  but  with  no  interven- 
ing consonant,  as  bay-o-net,  re-al,  mu-se-uin.  The  following 
scale  of  inclined  acute  angles,  provides  for  representing  these 
dissyllabic  vowels  without  lifting  the  pen : 

^\  ah-i        4  a-1         J  e-i        ^1  aw-i       J  6-1  I  oo-X 

174.  The  fourth  in  the  aeries  will  be  recognized  as  the  same 
sign,  and  representing  nearly  the  same  sound  as  the  regular 
diphthong  oi  and  oy,  in  \^  boy,  __j^  coil.  The  other  signs 
represent  similar  modifications;  thus:  ^^^  ^hurrahing, 
'^j~  clayey,    V     saying ;     X.,^  being,    and  the  same  sign  in 

(Jy'  theory,    and    ^"^^"^    museum;   X      boyish,     [^ stoic, 

sd^  Owen,  >^)  Louise,  -^ 

Of  course  it  is  not  necessary  that  these  signs  should 
always  be  used,  since  the  separate  signs  may  generally  be 
inserted,  if  for  the  sake  of  simplicity  or  precision  they  are 

preferred;    as    in     the    words:      T-   sawing,      Q y. snowy, 

^^y  mayor,    )•  Isaiah. 

174.  It  is  sometimes  conA'enient  to  be  able  to  add  a  simple 
vowel  sign  to  a  diphthong,  without  lifting  the  pen ;  hence  it 
is  allowable  to  write  a  tick  at  an  acute  angle  fori,  and  a  tick 
at  a  right  angle  for  6  or  a:  thus:  j^  dewy,  \  defying, 
^'■^enjoying,  S^  bias,  \/J  biology.  ^  • 


OF    PHOXOGRAPUY.  95 


VOWEL  INDICATIONS. 
In  the  case  of  consonant  strokes  that  may  be  written  either 
downward  or  upward,  advantage  is  taken  of  the  fact  to  use 
them  as  far  as  pMjsdible  to  indicate  whether  a  vowel  should,  or 
should  not,  be  heard  bt'fore  or  after  them,  without  writing  the 
same. 

175.  Initial  L. — When  /  is  the  first  consonant  in  a  word, 
not  preceded  by  a  vowel,  it  is  written  upward;  as  ^  like, 
/C  lone.  {»~'^'~^  lame;  but  if  a  vowel  precede  it  is  generally 
written  downward ;  as:  /\~^- alike,  r~^  along,  CZ^  element.  The 
exceptions  to  the  latter  part  of  this  rule  are  in  such  words  as 
contain  a  down-stroke  next  following  f~  I,  in  which  case 
the  I  must  be  written  upward;  as:  .(^    allowed,  ,f^  allege. 

176.  Final  L. — When  I  is  the  final  consonant  in  a  Mord, 
followed  by  a  vowel,  it  is  generally  written  upward;  as 
\v<^  below,  ^j^  valley,  /^  gaily,  ^  '  relay,  Final  /  is 
also  written  upward,  even  if  a  vowel  does  not  follow  it, 
after  \  jo,  \  6,  —  k,  —  g,  /'  ch,  /  j  and  ^^  m,  be- 
cause of  the  forward  movement  of  the  pen  thus  afforded. 
After  V^  /  and  ^  v,  when  no  vowel  follows,  and  always 
after  ^^  ng,  it  is  written  downward;  as  V  feel, 
Vy    vUe,         y^    kingly,  ^   annually.  / 

177.  Initial  R. — When  r  is  the  first  consonant  in  a  word, 
not  preceded  by  a  vowel,  the  up-stroke  sign  is  generally  used ; 
as:  y,^  ray,  y^\  road,  ^/~  '  rod:,  ,  '^  run,  ^^roar;  the 
only  exception  being  when  m  is  the  next  consonant  following, 
which,  to  secure  freedom  in  writing  and  distinctness  of  out- 
line,    requires    the   downstroke    "^    r;    thus:    "^^^     roam, 

Vri,  remain.      When   initial  r  is  preceded  by  a  vowel,  the 
down-stroke    is  u«;ually  employed;    as:     "^    era,     ~^  cam. 
irksome;  but  when  the  next  consonant  is  a  down- 




'    96  ECLECTIC    MANUAL 


stroke,  (except  p,  b,  f  and  v),  the  upward  r  is  used,  even 
when  preceded  Ly  a  vowel;  as:  -^^  «r(/e,  ,y^  airaycd, 
^yy  earth,  \y  V      orphan. 

178.  Final  R. — AVhen  r  is  the  final  consonant  in  a  word, 
followed  by  a  vowel,  like  final  I  in  such  position,  the  up-stroke 
sign  is  used ;  but,  when  no  vowel  follows  the  down-stroke  is 

generally   employed,    thus:    \^bare,  \/^    berry,  '^ Jirc, 

V^/'"     /"'7»     T   ^  gore,   /•  gory,     Vn,    sore,^^-  sorry, 

'^y\  store,  >/'  story.  When,  however,  a  downward  r  would 
carry  the  pen  more  than  one  stroke  below  the  line,  and  when 

follows  r,  the  up-stroke  is  used;  thus:  '\^  prepare, 
temporary,  •"''^ 

179.— THE  RULE  OF  POSITION. 

The  rule  for  indicating  what  vowel  should  be  read  in  any 
word  left  unvocalized,  was  presented  briefly  in  §51,  as  ap- 
plied to  the  word-signs.  Its  more  general  application,  espe- 
cially in  reporting,  will  be  here  stated: 

(1)  Contracted  words,  and  words  having  but  one  or  two 
consonant  strokes,  are  written  in  the  first  position,  that  is, 
above  the  line  of  writing,  if  the  accented  vowel  or  diph- 
thong in  the  word  be  a  first-place  one;  thus:  \~^  cause, 
s — ^'~^  calm,  ^  vile. 

(2.)  If  the  accented  vowel  or  diphthong  be  second-place, 
the  consonant  stroke,  or  strokes,  are  written  on  the  line ; 
thus;  —r^  case,  (J-j-n smoke,    | ^  decays,  /''^  repose. 

(3.)  If  the  accented  vowel  or  diphthong  be  third-place, 
vertical  and  inclined  strokes  are  written  through  the  line; 
thus :  \^,  peace,   I     .  deem,^,^^^^  room,   ^   Europe.      In  the 

case  of  horizontals,  words  containing  the  diphthongs  ow,  u. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  97 


ew,  are  written  under  the  line  ;  thus ; ^  gomriy     i_,  tuxount, 

A  A 

; o  ouxuse. 

The  second  position,  that  is  on  the  line,  is  the  most  natural 
and  easy  to  write  in;  therefore  the  rule  of  position  should 
be  observed  only  with  respect  to  those  words  which  if  left 
un  vocalized  might  be  read  for  other  words. 

180,  Exceptional  Word-Sigxs. — The  following  words  of 
frequent  occurrence,  for  the  sake  of  convenience,  and  because 
they  will  not  interfere  with  other  words,  are  written  on  the 
line,  out  of  position:  Are,  he,  been,  dear,  do,  for,  from,  have, 
he,  it,  shall,  think,  upon,  use,  tisually,  was,  which,  will,  your. 
To  avoid  clashing  with  other  words,  written  in  the  same  way 
and  in  their  true  positions,  the  following  are  written  out  of 
position:  Any,  go,  ago,  in,  me,  more^  much,  number,  0,  over, 
particular,  this,  those,  though,  time. 

The  writing  and  reading  of  words,  out  of  position  as  well 
as  in,  comes  by  habit,  and  causes  no  hindrance  to  the  expert. 

OMISSION  OF  CONSONANTS. 

181.  Besides  the  omission  of  consonants  in  the  use  of  pre- 
fixes and  affixes,  it  is  allowable  to  omit  certain  consonant 
signs  that  are  scarcely,  if  at  all,  heard  in  ordinary  pronuncia- 
tion, and  others  that  it  is  difficult  to  form  in  some  connec- 
tions: 

K  and   G — in  such  words  as :  qj^   sanction,  >— «P  anxiety. 
T — in  such  words  as :    ^     Cr-^  mistake,     V"^  postmaster. 
P — in  such  words  as:  f~~^    lumped,    'a—  stamped. 
N — in  words    like:    I*  attain,     j»       attainment;     '\    assign, 
j_^  assignment ;  >  strain,  \1    stranger;  J    trance,  J^  transmute. 
R-Hooh — As  in :  [down,  J  downward;  (^  lord,  /^  landlord. 


98 


EC1.ECTIC  MANUAL 


READINf!    EXKKCrSK    XX. 

4-- 1  -n.  r__,  ^i_i.:s_,z,k.^x,--.±__:::^. 


.__^^«_.__._u^..^.r_vo — 


\ 


Is— ^ 


^- 


o 


-Y 


._\  .Q-UD  X 


^^.----'v--^^ 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY .  OJ 


EXERCISE  ON  PREXFIES  AND  AFFIXES. 
Key  to  Beading  Exercise  XX,  page  98,  to  he  copied. 

Learn  to  accommodate  yourself  to  circumstances.  Self- 
resipect  is  incompatible  with  self-esteem. 

Study  condensation  in  your  style  of  composition,  and  thus 
contravene  constant  criticism. 

ilagnificent  entertainments  are  often  accompanied  by  the 
most  useless  and  inconsiderate  expenditures. 

We  should  postpone  taking  testimony,  so  as  not  to  incom- 
mode the  postmaster  and  stranger. 

It  is  inconsistent  with  truth  to  say  that  compassion  and 
friendship  are  but  selfishness  in  disguise. 

If  the  earth  be  circumscribed  at  the  equator,  we  obtain  its 
greatest  circumference. 

Its  magnitude  is  not  inconceivable,  although  we  may  not 
appreciate  its  vastness. 

^Ve  Ciin  have  no  distinct  conception  of  infinity  while  occu- 
pying contracted  space. 

Sensibility  united  with  criminality  is,  of  course,  one  of  the 
possibilities  of  human  nature. 

It  was  a  fundamental  theory  of  the  stoics  that  nothing 
oh(»uld  be  conceded  to  the  emotions. 

Our  landlord  makej  a  mistake  in  not  distinguishing  be- 
tween strangers  and  tramps. 

A  St.  Louis  merchant  made  an  assignment  on  the  theory  of 
doing  justice  to  his  creditors. 

Tlie  truths  of  inspiration,  though  not  self-evident,  neither 
are  they  inscrutable. 

Translations  of  the  Xew  Testament  have  been  made  into 
nearly  all  the  known  languages  of  the  earth. 

The  plotting^  of  politicians  for  leadersliip  are  wonderful 
illustrations  of  selfishness. 

Regularity  and  punctuality  are  important  qualifications  in 
any  pursuit. 

Irregularity  and  interruption  in  business  affairs  are  insu- 
perable obstacles  to  success. 

A  political  party  is  justifiable  in  being  uncompromising 
with  what  it  considers  error. 


r 


100  ECLECTIC   MANUAL 


WRiTLsa  Exercise  XX  QV. 

Arraying,  defraying,  greyish,  deity,  beatific,  theorize, 
theoretical,  flawy,  strawy,  drawing,  billowy,  heroic, 
8t.  Louis;  diameter,  miasma,  diadem,  biography,  coward. 

Lake,  elk;  lame,  elm;  likeness,  elegance;  legation,  allega- 
tion; labored,  ill-bred;  luminous,  illumination;  Lexington, 
Alexander.     Elbow,  allude,  allegiance,   alleviation. 

Vale,  volley;  fail,  folly;  burial,  barely,  rail,  rally; 
roll,   relay;  frail,   freely;    manly,    mainly,    manual,    canal. 

Row,  oar;  robe,  orb;  run,  earn;  rogue,  argue;  retire, 
early;  resume,  armies;  rum,  remit,  remedy,  romp;  arch, 
origin,  ordain,  orifice,  Ervin. 

Pair,  parry;  beer,  berry;  tare,  tarry;  dare,  dairy;  jeer, 
Jerry;  car,  carry;  fair,  fairy;  severe,  vary;  lower,  Leroy; 
mare,  Mary;  mire,  marrow;  inure,  narrow;  sir,  sorrow; 
steer,  story;  temper,  temporary;  empire,  emperor. 

Distinction,  distinguish,  junction,  function,  anxious, 
postpone,  postage,  mostly,  restless,  testimony,  New  Testa- 
ment; cramped,  dumped;  attonement,  postponement, 
appointment,  stranger,  translation,  landscape. 


OF  PHOXOGRAPHY.  101 


REVIEW  OF  THE  ELEVENTH  LESSON. 

(?152. )  How  are  the  prefixes  com,  con,  cum,  and  cog  indicated? 
(  /154.  )  How  are  inter  and  iiitro  represented?  (  j(155. ).  How  are  vinijna, 
majne,  mn'jni  represented?  C^156. )  How  is  the  prefix  «e//  written? 
(^157.)  How  may  the  initial  syllables  in  and  un  be' written  before  the 
treble  consonants  sjyr,  atr,  &c.?  (^158.)  How  are  the  affixes,  -ality, 
-nri'fy,  etc.,  represented?  (J159.)  How  are -i/e  and -fc/y  written?  (160.1 
How  -bleneai, -fulness,  -iveness,  -lessnessf  (  J161.)  How  are  inland  ing» 
written?  (P63.)  How  are  m'-nfn/ and  »nenfa?t>y  written?  (^165.)  How 
»e// and  selves?  (^166.)  How  ship?  (iJlCO.)  What  is  the  rnle  in  re. 
gard  to  the  omission  of  vowels?  (^173.)  Explain  the  dissyllabic 
diphthongs,  and  the  manner  of  writing  them.  (^175.)  What  is  tho 
rule  for  writing  initial  If  (^176.)  What  for  final  If  ( j.177.)  What  is 
the  rule  for  writing  initial  r.'  (^/178.)  What  for  final  rf  (§179.) 
What  is  tho  first  rule  of  position?  The  second?  The  third?  (?180.) 
Why  are  some  word-signs  written  out  of  position?  What  are  the 
words  of  the  first  class?  What  are  those  of  the  second  class?  (ilBl.) 
What  consonants  is  it  allowable  to  omit  in  certain  connections? 


102  ECLECTIC     MAKUAL 


)mdli\  ^i^^^^m. 


OUTLINES  OF  WORDS,  PHEASEOGRAPHY,   &G. 

182.  The  learner  has  no  doubt  been  impressed  with  the  fact 
that  not  only  may  the  same  word  be  written  in  several  differ- 
ent ways,  but  entirely  different  words  may  be  written  in  the 
same  way,  that  is,  with  the  same  consonant  outlines;  as,  for 
instance, 'X_  prosecute,  persecute.  This  may  seem,  on  first 
thought,  an  objection  to  Phonography  ;  but  the  same  objec- 
tion exists  in  regard  to  common  longhand,  many  words  being 
written  so  nearly  alike — persecute  and  prosecute  among  the 
number — that  printers  are  often  puzzled  to  know  what  word 
was  intended  to  be  written  by  the  author  of  their  "copy." 
But  the  very  fact  that  the  phonographic  system  renders  it  pos- 
sible to  write  the  same  word  differently,  enables  the  skillful 
writer  to  give  very  different  outlines  to  words  that  are  ordi- 
narily written  much  alike;  thus  the  two  words  above  are 
clearly  distinguished  as  folloAVs:  ^  prosecute,  ^\/~^  per- 
secute; so  with  I*  train,  \y  turn;  "^  proceed,  \,^H[  pursued. 

183.  In  a  similar  way  a  distinction  is  made  between  words 
having  a  positive  and  negative  meaning;  as  /V    responsible, 

^^irresponsible ;  y^  "^  resolute,  ^]y^  irresolute.  These  forms 
come  under  the  rules  for  the  use  of  downward  and  upward  r. 
But  there  are  other  words,  of  opposite  meaning,  that  must  be 
distinguished  by  doubling  a  consonant  stroke  that  represents 
part   of    the   difference    in  meaning  ;  thus:    ,ps//  material, 


im-material;         (^ —      legal,       ^--^—i.     il-legal; 


■>/• 
necessary,   ^\yycy     un-necessary. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


103^ 


WORDS  DISTINGUISHED  BY  DIFFERENCE  OF  OUTLINE. 
181.   When  two  or  more  words  I'allow  one  outline  they  are 
distinguished   from    each   other   by  vowel-position ;    when  a 
vowel  should  be  inserted  it  is  marked  in  italic. 


I'lbl  ... 

rtt-d  ... 

Ptns     . 

Ptrf 

Ptrfkshn 
Ptrn. . .  . 
Pstr.... 
Pshnt  . . 
Pshns. . 
Pnr  .  . 
Pltr  ..  ,  . 
]'lj  .... 
Pl.^    

Pl3t-d 

Plshn  . 
Pint  .  . 
Prps.  . 
Prprt  . 
Prprshn 
Prprshnt 
Prt   .  . 


\       compatible, 1  potable/''  computable;-     j   pitiable. 

\      patted,'     appetite,"      petted, *    pitied;       \    potato. 

\      competence,'  pittance;^      \g  aptness, 
^v   ^    petrify;        ^    putrefy. 
V  V^>  petrification;  [        putrification. 


Vo      pas 
IX  tur 


^)       plotter;!  \/  peltcr;    ^     '   paltry,'  poultry. * 


v|  patron;  V/  ^pattern 

Ni  pastor,'  poster;*  \    compositor,'  pastry;' 

\3  patient;   \.  passionate. 

nQ  passions:    "\  patience. 

^  opener,''*  pioneer:^     >/  pcnnry, 

\  plodg:e;     vV  apology,  pillage, 

V^  palace,'  appeals,''*  police;'  X/O  P<>l'<'y- 

Sj  placed, 2  pleased;-'  ^   placid. 

\)  completion;     V^     compulsion,  compilation. 

S        pliant.'  cere-       >  planet,  \_-plenty,\/7   opulent 
plaint,'^  1  I 

X/Na  purpose;        \^        perhaps,        propose. 

%^      appropri-  ^   /  property,  <Ns^  propri-  \y\     pur- 
ate;  ^^ ^  }     ety,      ^    ^  port 

appropriation,    ^    p   pre-  c\       proportion 

r\^     paration, 
proportionate,         \   propor- 
1     tioned. 
^  '    part.'  \/  apart;  povt.^  \  y\  party.'  ^  pretty 


;  povt.^  \/i   party.'  ^ 

uprifiht,'  purity'-'    j 

Prt-d-kshn    C\    -^    protection,    n.       production,*    prediction. 


104 


ECLECTIC    MANUAL 


Prtv  .... 

•   \ 

Prtn  .... 

■    ^ 

Prtnd  . . . 

•    ^ 

Prtns  ... 

•    ^ 

Prtr..  ... 

•    '^ 

Prd 

•    '^ 

Prch  .... 

■    > 

Prfkshn  . 

. '\^ 

Prfr 

■> 

Prvs  

■  \„ 

Prs  

.    'N, 

Prspr  . . . 

■\ 

Prst 

•        ^> 

Prskt  . .  . 

•  V 

Prskshn  . 

•  ^^ 

Prsr 

.    <\ 

''^ 

Prsn 

•v^ 

Prsnt  ... 

•  V 

Prsl.     ... 

•  "^ 

Prsh 

•  ^v^ 

Prshn  .  .  . 

•  'Xj 

Prmnt  . . 

v.. 

Pris 

.  %^ 

Ks  

V 

Est 

\> 

Endr  .  . .  . 

•\ 

comparative,     \/l     operatiye. 
pertain;      v^  appertain. 

pretend, V^^^  portend. 

pretence;    *N      prettiness; Vv,^  pertness, 

*^  L_9  uprightness, 

portray ;     o     operator ;      ^ — .    porter. 

prude;    V,^ paired;     \/|    jarody,i  parade,*  period. 

approach,    preach;     \//    parch,*  perch,^  porch. 2 

perfection,      ^         provocation. 

proffer;  ^\f'^    prefer;  \y\_y  periphery. 

previous;     x/Va  pervious,  ^\x  prophecy. 

pr'aTs'e;    "^    pierce,     V^  peruse,  \/^   pursue. 

prosper;      \^    perspire. 

priest-^       ^x    poorest,  \/  purest,    \/f  pursuit. 

prosecute;  \/^  persecute. 

prosecution;  \/~"^  persecution. 

oppressor;  \,/0     pursuer,  \^^  peruser. 

prison;   \/ — '    P*'"*'*",     comparison,  Parisian. 
*^  '      ^^  person, 2  «^ 

present;  V^   P^-^^^^^V^  pursuant, 
parcel,  parsley;    x      />     parasol,  perusal, 
Prussia;  \/?  Persia. 

oppression,  /^  portion,  apportion, 
operation;      \/^     r 

prominent,'  permanent ;2    "^v^..^^^   pre-eminent. 

'paralyze  I  \  peerless.^      V< pearls, 

perilous;^         >/^  powerless;'     ■>^  o  r 

abase,*  abuse,*  \  bias. 

biased,!  best,'  boast,'  beast;^   Vi  bestow,  beset. 

binder,'  bender;*  N/^  bindery,'  boundary.* 

J 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  lOo    ' 


Bndnt-d    .      <_  abundant,  ^  abandoned. 

Brb \  bribe,  VA  barb. 

Brt  '^  bright,'  "X  broad. 

Brk \ —  break,*  broke,'  brick,"  brook;^    \/       barl:. 

Brtb ^  broth,«  breatb;=  \/(.  birth. 

Brsbn  ....         \)  abrasion;     v^  abortion,'  aberration.^ 

Brn o  brain,^  brown;^     V^   born,^  barren,'  burn.* 

Brnt-d...        J  brand,'  \/^  burnt, X^^  brunette,  ^\_^  brandy. 

Brl XT  l"^lYy^'  \X  barrel,  V/  burial,  \^  barely. 

B"" *V  brew^^r;.*  '^^^  brewery;     \y^  barrier,  borrower. 

\v  bearer,  borer. 

Trtr I  traitor,     U,^ torture,  [/'^tartar, I/V^ territory. 

Trf  1,  contrive;'        I    trophy,    t^^  tariff,    |/\   terrify. 

Trn J  train;  [/^tnrn,  torn;'^(^ ^ attorney;  \^     '  tyranny. 

Trnd    0  trained;  1/^  torrent,  tyrant;    |^_^^  eternity,  truant. 

Dtr k  auditor,'  deter;     J    daughter,'    debtor,^   doubter;' 

'^  editor;     l/^auditory,  dietary. 

Dtrmnt-d       n  detriment;  k^^     determined. 

Dfns '-'--£'  defence,  deafness;   I         defiance. 

Dfr J  defray,  differ;    [/^ defer,       L    devour. 

Pvrr J  divers,  adverse;   [^divorce,  diverse. 

Dstn p  destine,  (j—   destiny;    L      destination. 

Dss-z    ....       Jl  disease,  disuse;     I  decease,  dioces?.' 

I  ,  ^-       1   ^■  •       1  I  domination, 

Dninshn..  I — O  damnation,'  dimension;?  I— -^  diminution. 

Dltr l'"''^  adultery;    "4^  idolatry;  H^  idolater. 

Drns X_o  dryness,'  dearness;*    l/°  adorns,  durance. 

Chrt P  chart;    />  chariot;  >^  charity. 


/    Kj'o 


ECLECTIC    MANUAL 


Jnt (/       agent;    <^  giant. 

Jntl. /"       genteel,  gentle;      yX^  Gentile,  gently. 

Jn:5. j/     joins;    ^jj genius;  ^^  agency. 

y 

Ktr actor,'  euttcr;^      j^  catarfh;       [/^actuary,  coterie. 

Ksprshn  . .  — 6\^    expression;  V^  expiration. 

Kst-J  ....     —^   cost,'   kissed:''      |    caused. 
Kskrt  ....       S~     execrate;  o     /   excoriate. 

Kstnshn. .  — P       extenuation;       [^  extension. 

Kips c — ^    eclipse,        /^"\-i  collapse. 

Kltr c — -J    clatter,' culture;^    __/       collator. 

Klk c clock,'  cloak,2  clique;^  __/'      colic,  calico. 

Klzshn  .  . .    c_J)    collision,'  conclusion;*         /^coalition,  collusion. 

Krprl c—\^  corporal;    '^A//      corporeal. 

Krt c—      cart,'  accord,'  court,*  accrued;-'' /  accurate. 

Krtr ^ — -J     carter,'  creature;''*  '^"^l  creator;        y^  curator. 

Gd    God,'  good,*       |  guide,  gaudy. 

Grdn c— — ^  garden,  "^  guardian. 

favored, 
factory. 

Fns Vg      fines,'  feigns,"*  fence;  V_v^_p  offense,  affiance. 

FnrI V  funeral;  Vj^T^funereal. 

Fir ^^^     floor,*  flour;^    Q_/ flowery;  'vj^^'  follower,  failure. 

Frtn V_y^-^  fortune,  ^i.^_^f righten,     V_/3  fourteen. 

Frs   ^       offers,'  phrase.*  freeze:'    ^^-x    f^J^g^.'    \^  furious. 

Frm ^^^y^  confirm,  frame;    ^         farm,'  form,* affirm. 

Frns. ^^^-\^  furnace,'^   V./<°  conference,'  ^^.^/^-^  fairness. 


Fvrt-d.    •  •     Y        favorite;    ^s._^ 
Fktr Vj_  factor;     V , 


OF   PHONOGRAPHY, 


107 


Frl 

Frwrd . . 
Vlshn  . 

Vlns  ... 
Vrt  .... 
Sprt-d. 
Sprst   . . 

St 

Std 

Stshn  . . . 

Stm 

Stn 

Str  

Stm  .... 

Sds 

Sst... 

Smtr, 

Sntr.. 

Sn.s  .  . 

Snr  .  . 

Sltr.. 

Shrdl  . . 

Mpshnt-d. 

Mshn 

Mshnr 


S_     frail,  furl;  Qj''~  furlough;'^  freely;'  v,  farewell. 

V.^  forward; Q___f reward. 

nJ     valuation,  convuLsion;  K^,y^  violation. 

^  /^    ■   ,  I      ^-.^  o  villainous,  I  ., 

Vy      violence;     V   /^"-^     •,,      •        'V      vileness. 
'     V/  viUaiucs;      >- 

virtue,        v^/l  variety,  verity. 

■^  spirit,'  separate;-    X/  support,  °\  spread. 

%  suppress;   V^sparse;    \/^ spurious; \/9  *^°"^P""' 

I  ^l^^'a    )  sat,i  sight,'  sought;  set,2sit,«  east,3  seat.3 

f  stead,  staid:2  steed,  stood;!  P  ^J^*"^-^'    )  seated. 

Q  station;      jsituation;   J  citation. 

£:7->v  stem,'  steam;''*  ^ — ^  asthma,'  esteem.' 

J  satin,'  Satan;*  i:^^^   stone,  stain. 

I  stray;  ")  star,  store;''   c^  story;  i  astray. 

)  oyster,' easter;''*    i^  austere,  astir. 

2  strain;       0  stern;        )  eastern;  ^.-^  Saturn. 

P  seeds,   seduce;^     )  acids,  assiduous. 

^  assist;  9  consist;         )  essayist;  q)  society. 

S      ^  smaller,'  scymitar;'   a-^/^  cemetery,  symmetry. 

5      y  centre,  senator;     •      j  sentry;    ^"'l/'  century. 

<l_9  signs,'  sense;''  }       science,  assigns,'  assignees.' 

^_^  sinner;     _   ^^  scenery;  ^""^  sneer;    )      assignor, 
slaughter;  g"^  solitary;  ^\  sultry. 


9     shrewdly;    J^  assuredly. 
^1.^    impassioned,  impatient;  y>^y^  inipassionate. 
/^^      emotion,''  motion,*  mission;'     ^y  machine. 
j^~^^  missionary,     ^    machinery. 


108  ECLECTIC    MANUAL 


Mnstr  ....  .—-^ujinister;  2       1  ministry;        ^^  monastery. 
Mrtr-dr...    ^      ^martyr,'  murder;  ^-~^\  marauder. 
Mrtrs-drs.    C      ^  mur^Ts^  ^d  mnrderons;  ^^  murderess. 
Xdkshn...   '^-'~~^^  indication;  [__-,  induction. 

Ndfnt-d  . .  ^—1^  indefinite;  ^^  undefined. 

Ndls "7^     endless;^  v,_/       needless.^ 

Njns '"'-^      ingenious;     ^^^^  ingenuous. 

Nvt-d-bl     ""^ — <^  inevitable;       ^'^  unavoidable. 
Xvshn...."^ — to  innovation;  ^  ^"Vi^)  invasion. 

Lbrt-d  . . .     /^  labored;    ^    ill-bred;  /V  elaborate. 

Lt-td /I     latitudej      /I.  altitude. 

Ltr /^^  latter,^  lighter ,1  letter;^  ^-^  lottery;  /     |  ultra. 

Lkl /^ —  likely,'  local;^     ^  luckily. 

Lrnt-d.  (P     learnt;     O         learned;    O  learner. 

Rprshn  ..     ^^^\)  repression;  y'\^  reparation. 

„  y^     writer,    — v    orator,     yi      retire,        /  ._i-«>__ 

Rtr y^     rather,-         \  order;    ^  rioter!  ^^  ^^^^^^' 

Rr yP     rave,  rove;  /V^  review;     ^     arrive. 

Rvl y\^  rival,  revile,  revel;  /\J^  reville;   ^    arrival. 

Rsm y^~^  resume;  xV-^  reassume. 

Rnd y^   ruined;  /^  renewed.     X^^    (wronged.) 

Rlr J~       roller,^  railer,2  ruler;'    "\^  earlier. 

c 
Wt-d "^      white,!  weight,*  weighed,*  wooed;^  |  wet,^  wit.^ 

Wr  (y^   wire,i  wore,*  we-are;*-)^  war;        >  wear,  aware. 

Wnt-d...  "^      wand,' wind,^  waned,*  wound;*  <^  wont,  ^  went. 

HI K"  hail,  hale;   ^^^'''^  holy;    ;^7^  howl. 

Hr  . . . :    . .  >^    hire,i  her,*  here;'  /./'''^  hero,  hairy,  hurrah. 


OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


109 


CONTRxVCTED  WORDS. 
In  addition  to  the  word-signs  heretofore  given,  represent- 
ed by  the  alphabetic  signs,  simple  and  compound,  the  follow- 
ing contracted  forms  have  come  into  general  use.  They 
represent  the  more  prominent  c(msonant3  in  each  word,  so 
joined  as  to  be  most  readily  written,  and  at  the  same  time 
suggest  the  pronunciation  of  the  word: 


f 


"7    acknowledge, 
^     acknowledged, 
advantageous, 
agriculture-al, 
^"^     almost, 
>^^    already, 

^^s^  anything, 

J        astonished, 
-^=^^— astonishment, 


^.^ —  bankrupt-cy, 

o 

because, 

\        become, 

y        between, 

*^     brethren, 

\  cabinet, 

^   capable, 

._Zl.  Captain, 

\    catholic, 

'^'^-certificate, 

/    change,'charge,' 

«.  "       characteristic. 


cT      circumstances, 

P     circumstantial,' 
citizen,* 

-3     county, 

cross-examine, 

J^,    December, 
(,      defendant, 

1^   democratic,^ 
democrat,'- 

— describe,^ 

or-*  description,' 

<JI  destruction, 

A  develope, 

J)  disadvantage, 

Jv-^  disappointment, 

Jb  discharge, 

b*^  distinguish-ed, 

^ — ^  efficient-cy, 

N-  endeavor, 

<^  especially, 

<_  essentially, 

%  establishment. 


_  '^      example, 
/     exchange, 
\_  expect-cd, 
\^     expenditure, 
"~^    expensive, 
T^  extinguish, 
*^/^  extraordinary, 
__jt      extravagant,' 
\^^-^familiar"''-ity,i 
V_^    February, 
Vj,_^  financial, 
i-^    Great  Britain, 
y~^^^  immediate, 
^^-^^..^immediately, 
'"^'Xj  imperfect-tion, 
^^"^^  i  mprac  t  i  cable , 
^^\  improbable, 
\  incapable, 
T     inconsiderate, 
J"^    inconsistent, 


110 


ECLECTIC     MANUAL 


i    independent, 
v_/—  indignant, 
^b    indispensable, 
„-L>..  individual, 
'~'^\_J  inefficient-cy, 
-_^IL..  influence, 

influential, 

^■^vo  information, 

...5? inscribe, 

&-^  •         •   .. 
-......_..  inscription, 

■  _f>      insignificant, 
^""^yx  inspection, 
^"K^  insufficient-cy, 

\j     instruction, 
^    intelligence, 
— t?...  intelligent, 
^    intelligible, 
l^^  intemperance, 
I      interest-ing, 
i_  irregular, 
dv     irrespective, 
dv.     irresponsible, 
^--  January, 
/    junior, 
— v^^  kingdom, 
^r     knowfcldge, 

■  /    legislature, 

V 


''~^"~    magazine, 
^^~\_  manufacture-er, 

'^/     Massachusetts, 
z—^,^—  memorandum, 
^-^-^  Methodism, 
y-— ^ —  mistake, 

'^^     misdemeanor, 

*V      mortgage, 

,3      movement, 
(       natural-ly, 
v_^»—  neglcct-ligent, 
^^~\-  never, 

~~^    New  York, 

v,_p/^no,  sir,* 

^^,^__^  nothing, 

^""^^  November, 

M^    notwithstand'ntr 

\     object-ed, 

!r      observation, 
""" — A.  omnipotence, 

"~^    organize, 

""*^    organization, 

^    original, 

•Ny/^  parliamentary, 

\ peculiar-ity, 

\/\^  perform, 

\/\t,  perform-ance, 


\/\    perpendicular, 

-ity, 

^       plaintiff, 

\      popularity, 

\>      post-office, 

v"^     preliminary, 

y    privilege, 

>o     Presbyter'n-ism 

'X     probable-bility, 

N,       proportion, 

\       public-sh, 

\       publication, 

\s^    phonographer, 

Vj —   phonographic, 

'~-\^  qualify, 

— IZ5.   quarter, 

/^   Rcgular-ity, 

</    religion, 

t/^  relinquish, 

re-mark, 

^  \   represent, 

/   \\representative, 
/'''\,  representation, 

y/\^  republic-sh, 

/\,   respective, 

y\   responsible-y, 

y^     resurrection, 

y\^  Rev.,  revenue. 


OF    PHOXOGKAPIIY. 


/      C    Roman-Catholic 

P 
ra       satisfaction, 

^     satisfactory, 

^    selfish, 

.-^::nr>^  September, 

\^     several, 

5— ^__^  something, 

somewhat, 

V\  Spelling  Reform 

\    stranger, 

^  -I    subscription, 

V>      substantial, 

i/'    suggestion. 


°\j  Enrpriae, 

^_^  sufficient-cy 

P  system, 

\„^  temperance, 
y~.^^  testimony, 

T transcribe, 

3__o  transgress, 

I  tribunal, 

^;  unconstitu- 
yo         tional, 

J  understand, 

'  understood,    I 

—  unexampled,  | 


^-^~^  unexpected-ly, 
- — \        nnfavorable-v, 

X 


\y^ 


s^ 


uninfluenced, 

uninfluential, 

uninteresting, 

United  States, 

unsatisfactory, 

uniform, 

whenever, 

wheresoever, 

longer, 

longest, 


REPRESENTATION  OF  FIGURES. 

As  a  general  thing  number3  should  be  represented  by  the 
ordinary  Arabic  figures,  as  in  common  writing.  When  care- 
fully written  they  are  more  legible  than  shorthand,  and  near- 
ly as  brief,  except  in  large  round  numbers.  In  rapid  writing 
the  following  notation  may  bs  employed :  ^-^-  hundred, 
(  tliousand,  .^^  million,  "^  hundred  thousand,  ^ — ^""^  hundred 
miUion;  thus:  3('=3,000;  5^=500,000;  2--^.  =  2,000,000; 
7-^-/'"^=  700,000,000.  The  phonographic  sign  should  be 
written  close  to  the  figure,  to  indicate  that  it  is  part  of  the 
number  it  is  to  represent. 

In  reporting  sermons,  indicate  the  Book  or  Epistle,  Chap- 
ter, and  Verse,  in  quotations  from  tlie  Scriptures,  thus: — 
Place  the  figure  for  the  Book  or  Epistle  in  the  first  position, 
for  the  Chapter  in  the  second  position,  and  for  the  Verse  in 
tlie  third  position.  By  this  method  the  book,  chapter  and 
verse  may  be  written  in  any  order  by  means  of  the  figures 
only,  and  without  danger  of  ambiguity. 


n;: 


ECLECTIC   MANUAL 


COMPLETE    LIST 

OF 

WORD-SIGNS. 

VOWELS. 

CONSONANTS. 

a,i  an  i 

\ 

happy,!   hope,*   put.' 

• 

the* 

N 

practice,'  principal-le.- 

ah!i 

\ 

apply,'   people.* 

eh  ?  2  aye  ^ 

\. 

happen,'  upon.* 

andji  (upward.) 

\ 

spoke,'-'  speak.* 

on  1 

spoken.* 

but  a 

\o 

possible-ly.i 

\ 

of! 

\ 

practiced,'  oppressed.* 

\ 

to« 

% 

surprise,'  express.* 

/ 

should,^   (upward.) 
alli 

\ 

\ 

experience.* 

(nity.* 
part,'   particular,!  opportu- 

__v_ 

two,  2  too  * 

^ 

complete.* 

• 

awe,'  ought.i 

'N 

spirit.* 

r 

who* 

\ 

by,'  be,*  to-be.' 

1 

0,*  oh,i  owe;^  1  before.* 

\ 

rcmember-ed,*     member,* 
number.-' 

1,1  high,'  aye.i 

\ 

belong,'  able,*  believe.^ 

. 

how  * 

\ 

combine,'   been.* 

c 

we,' (and   *    in  phrases.) 

\> 

above.* 

c 

with* 

\ 

subject,*     Xj  subjection.* 

5 

what,^     ^  whaterer. 

\) 

objection.* 

) 

would  ' 

>i 

behind,'  bound.' 

'^ 

beyond  ' 

1 

1 
f 
J 

at,'  time,'  it,*   out.' 

r\ 

you  ' 

try.'  truth,*  true.* 

^ 

yet« 

tell,*  till,'  until.' 

w 

year  ^ 

contain.* 

J 

OF   PHOXOGRAPHY. 

113 

f 

Batisfy.i  city,* 

/' 

largely.' 

L 

temptation.'' 

</ 

general -ly,*  joiil.^ 

I 

itself,'  it  is,*  times.l 

/ 

Jehovah  *. 

/ 

circumstantial.' 

</ 

generation. 

0 

circumstance.^ 

(/ 

gentleman,'  -men.' 

1 

strong,'  strength .1 
tried,'  treat-ed.' 

/ 

religious-ly.* 
can,'  come.* 

r 

1 

toId.« 

^- 

Christian,'  care,*  cure.' 

1 
1 

r 
i 

had,'  do.2 

C . 

call,'  coal.*  cool.' 

Dr.'  dear,*  during.^ 

^ 

equally.' 

dollar,'  deliver-y.' 

— = 

question.* 

deliverance.-'' 

a— 

describe,'  Scripture.'- 

[ 

advertise,'   does.' 

cr^ 

description.' 

I 

advertised,'  distinct.'' 

— 

act,'  could.' 

I 

divine,'  differ-ent-ence.' 

-° 

because,'  comes,*  accuse 

.1 

J 

done,*  down.^ 

-- 

called,'  difficulty.* 

1 

consider,'     1  considered.' 

-- 

accord-ing,'  court,' 

% 

consideration.' 

—-- 

cannot,'  kind,'  county.' 

I 

did,*  doubt-ed.' 

C_ 

quite  1 

J 

hadn't,'    don't,*    didn't.' 



go,'  ago,'  give-n.2 

I 

condition,'  addition.* 

degree,'  grew.' 

/ 

much,'  which,*  each.' 

r- 

glory  ' 

/" 

such.' 

bcgan,l  again,'  "begin.' 

z' 

child,'  /^  children.* 

--, 

altogether,'  together.' 

/ 

chair,'  cheer.' 

govern -or.' 

/ 

chief.' 

c_ 

signify.' 

/ 

large,'  advantage.' 

a-t> 

significance.' 

/ 

larger,'  danger.*         '            | 

a-:? 

signification.' 

J 

114 

ECLECTIC 

MANUAL 

— 

God,l  good,' 

c 

those,'  this,'  these.' 

c— 

great, 2  agreed.^ 

G 

themselves,'  this-is.' 

glad,'  gold.2 

< 

that,'  without.' 

V, 

half,i  for,2  if.3 

) 

saw,'  80,'  us,'  see.' 

C 

offeri,   froni,2  free/ 

) 

sat,'  sight,'  set,'  sit.' 

0 

V 

foUow-ingji  fuU.'^ 

o 

as,'  is.'       6    has,'  bia.' 

Vo 

fine,^  often,2  phonography.^ 

) 

was,'  ease-y.' 

formation,'' 

y 

shall,'  show,'  she.' 

Vo 

find,!  found,' 

J 

sure.' 

fast,'  first.2 

J 

shine,'  shown.' 

V_ 

fact,'  after,'  future.' 

!) 

short,'  shirt.' 

^ 

offered,'  effort.'^ 

J 

usual-ly.' 

^■. 

friend,'  frequent-ly.^ 

J 

pleasure,' 

^ 
^ 

have,'  very ,2  view.^ 

r 

law,'  will,'  allow.' 

over,'  every, 2  however.* 

r 

less,'  lose.' 

^ 

value,'  evil.' 

r 

line,'  alone.' 

V. 

heaven,'  evcn-ing.' 

r 

while,'  well,' 

^ 

several.' 

7 

light,'  let.' 

( 

thank,'  think,'  youth.^ 

r 

learn.' 

( 

thought.' 

c 

learnt.' 

) 

throw,'  three,'  through.* 

-^ 

or,'  our,'  honr,' 

c 

authorize.' 

^ 

her,'  here,'  hear,' 

c 

authority.! 

^ 

herself.' 

1 

third.' 

y 

are. 

( 

though,'  they,'  them.' 

^ 

arise,'  arose,'  hours.' 

c 

other,'  either.3 

i> 

ourselves.' 

^ 

their,  there.' 

^ 

rise,'  rouse.' 

c 

than,'  then,'  within.-' 

^ 

sir,'  sour.' 

OF  PHO>'OGRAI'HY. 


11 


::^ 


>  art.' 

,  heart,'  hard.' 

(/  I  world,''  ruled.' 

(_/  j  were,*  where.  * 

<^  rely,'  real,*  rule.' 

P  i 

reference.* 


(TS 


^        I  writer,'  rather.' 

'''    ^  .  iny,'  may ,2   me.''' 

'^^^    him,"^  whom.' 

^~^  j  myself,'  ^~b  himself.' 
^  j  Misses,  (f~^  Mrs,* 
some,*  similar-ity.' 
re-mark,'  more,*  Mr.' 

'''^  i  most,'  must,*  missed.^ 

(^~i.     mine,'  man,'  men.'* 

! 

--s   1  mind,'  amount,' 

■^      might,^  met.* 

'^      mad,' made,'immediate-ly.' 

''"^     important-ance,'  improre- 

'  [luent.* 

'^    ^   sample,'  simple.* 

^~&    impossible,'  improvements.' 

"-^ — '    in,'  any,'  no,"  know."- 

"'"-^    nor,'  honor,'  ncar.'^ 

"-—^  j  when,'  one.* 

whence,'  once.* 

honest,'  next.* 

opinion, 'known,*  none.* 

iuFlueaccJ  knows.* 


c_P 


Q_/ 


K^ 


r 

C 

/ 


«een,*  soon.' 

nation.* 

□otion,^ 

hand,'  end,*  under.' 

not,'   night,'  nature.* 

sent,*  cent.* 
send,*  sound.' 

want,'    went.* 

long,'  language,'  thing.* 

singular.' 

why,'  way,  away,*  weigh.* 
wear,*  aware.* 
warning,'  worn,* 
wine,'  wane.* 
wind,'  wound.' 
weight,*  weighed.'  wide.' 
ward,'  word.* 
your. 

yours,*  use,*  yourself.' 
yourselves.* 
Ohio,'  he.* 
or     )  house.' 
from   their,'  further.* 
latter,'  letter.' 
order,'  are  there.' 
1  matter,'  mother.' 

I  another,*  neither'. 

I 

'  anger,'  longer.' 


116 


ECLECTIC   MANUAL 


ALPHABETIC  LIST  OF  SIGN-WORDS. 

The  words  in  this  list  are  the  same  as  those  in  the  preceding 
four  pages,  and  are  given  here  as  an  exercise  to  be  transcribed 
into  sliorthand,  and  also  for  more  convenient  reference  to  see 
if  any  words  about  which  tlie  student  may  be  in  doubt,  are  rep- 
resented by  brief  signs.  Tlie  iialic  letters  following  each  Avord 
indicate  how  they  should  be  written;  but  when  there  is  an  un- 
certainty in  tie  mind  of  the  learner,  he  should  turn  to  the 
sliorthand  list.  The  figures  indicate  the  position  to  the  line  of 
writing  which  the  words  should  occupy. 


A  or  an,  •  1 

able,  bl  2 
above  bv  2 
according,  krd  \ 
account,  knt  2 
accuse,  ks  3 
act,  kl  1 
addition,  ds^n  2 
advantige,  j  2 
advertisp,  ds  1 
advertised,  dst  1 
after, /<  1 
again,  gn  2 
ago,  fir  1 
agreed,  grd  3 
ah!  •  1 
all,  \  1 
allow,  ;  3 
alone.  In  2 
altogether,  gthr  1 
am  lunt,  m)it  3 
an,  •  1 
and  /  (up)  1 
anger,  tigr  1 
another,  nthr  2 
any,  7i  1 
apply,  pi  I 
are,  r  (up)  2 
arise,  rs  1 
arose,  rs  2 
art,  rt  (down)  1 
as,  i  (circle)  1 
at,  t  1 

authority,  thrt  1 
authoriz',  thru  1 
aware,  «•/•  2 
away,  w  2 
awe,  /  1 
aye,  (ever)  .  2 
Bj,  b  2 
because,  ks  1 
been,  bn  2 
before,  I 

b-gan,!/?!!,  begin  3 
behind,  bnd  1 


believe,  M  3 
belonj.',  bl  1 
beyond  ■^  1 
bound,  bnd  3 
but,   I    2 
bv,  6  1 

Call-ed,  kl  1  kid  1 
can,  k  1 
cannot,  knt  1 
care,  kr  2 
cause,  ks  1 
chair,  chr  2 
cheer,  ehr  3 
chief,  cfi/3 
child,  c/M  1 
children,  chl  2 
Christian,  kr  1 
Christianity,  kr  1 
circumstance,.?//!*  2 
circumstantial,Ji/j2 
city,  si  1 
coal,  kl  2 
combine,  6ft  1 
come,  k  2 
complete,  pit  2 
condition,  dshn  1 
consider,  siir  2 
considerat'n  sdrshn 
considered,  sdrd  2 
contain,  tn  2 
cool,  kl  3 
could,  /.(/  2 
county,  knt  3 
court,"  krt  2 
cure,  */■  3 
Danger,  jr  2 
de'ir,  dr  2 
degree,  gr  2 
deliverance,  dins  3 
deliver-y,  dl  3 
descril)e,  skr  1 
descripti'n,sA:r«An2 
did,  dd  3 
did  not,  dnl  3 
aifiference,  d/  3 


dilTerent,  rf/3 
difficult,  kit  3 
difficulty,  /.«  3 
divine,  dr  1 
distinct,  (is<  3 
do,  d  2 
Doctor,  dr  1 
does,  (is  2 
dollar,  dl  1 
do  not,  dnl  2 
done,  <f«  2 
doubt-ed,  dt  3 
down,  rf«  3 
during  dr  3 
Eich,  ch  3 
ease-v,  2  3 
effort,  frt  2 
eh?  .  2 
either,  /Ar  3 
end,  nd  2 
equal-ly  t»p  3 
experience,  ,ipms2 
express,  sprs  1 
even-ing,  vn  3 
ever,  v/-  2 
every,  rr  2 
evil,  rl  3 
Fact,  rt  1 
f:ist,  fsl  1 
father,  //Ar  1 
find,  /nd  1 
fine,  fn  1 
first, /«/  2 
follow  iug  fl  1 
for,  /  2 
found,  /nrf  2 
friend,  fmd  2 
free,  //■  3 

frequent-ly  fmt  2 
from,  /;•  2 
full,  //  2 
further,  frthr  2 
future,  /<  3 
(iain,  ffn  2 
generai-ly,  /n  2 


generation,  y«An  2 
gentleman,  jnt  1 
gentlemen,  jwi  2 
give-n,  .9  2 
gUd,  fif/i  1 
glory,  gl  2 
go,  g    1 
Gtd,  fird  1 
gold,  gld  2 
gone,  jrn  1 
good,  gd  2 
govern-or  gv  2 
great,  (jr/  2 
grew,  gr  3 
Had  d  1 
had  not,  dnl  1 
half,  /  1 
hand,  nd,  1 
happen,  pn   1 
happy,  p  1 
hard,' hrd  1 
has,  .V  (circle)  1 
have  V  2 
he,  A  2 
heart,  hrt  1 
heaven,  vn  2 
her,  hr  2 
herself,  Ar«  2 
high,    V    1 
him,  hm  2 
himself,  /*/?«  2 
his  s  (circle)  2 
honest,  iisl  1 
honor,  nr  1 
hour,  r  3 
hours,  r.?  3 
Iiouse,  hs  3 
how  A  2 
however,  rr  3 
I  V  1 

if,  /  3 

immediate-ly,  nid.T 
importance,  mp    1 
important,  to/j  1 
impossible,  mps  1 


OF   PIIOXOGRAPHY. 


t;;^ 


i:iiprove-cd,   nip  2 

none,  nn  2 

set,    «t   (stroke  «, 

too,  \  2 

iiii;(rovemeut,  mp2 

nor,  fir  1 

half  length)  2 

toward,  trd  2 

ill  n  1 

not,  »/  1 

several,  sv  2 

treal-ed,  //•/  2 

influence,  tu  1 

number,  i»r  3 

shall,  «A  2 

tried,  /r./,  1 

iiif.jrinatioi),n*Anl 

0,  oh,  1  1 

she,  f/i  3 

true,  //•    2 

i-",  s  (circle;  2 

objection,  hihn  2 

shirt,  sUrl  2 

truth,  tr  3 

U,t  2 

of  \  1 

short,  jAr/  I 

try,  tr  1 

it  is,  its,  Is  2 

off, /I 

should  /  (up)  2 

t»o  \  2 

itstlf,  is  :< 

ofter,  /r  1 

show,  sh  2 

Under,  nd  2 

J.liov:ih,  jr  2 

offered,/'-/  1 

shown,  «An  2 

up,/;  2 

join,  jn    1 

often, //J  2 

sight,  »t  (stroke  », 

upon,  p  2 

itiii.l,  tiiU  I 

Ohio,  A  1 

half  length)  1 

us,  «  2 

know,  ti  2 

on,      1 

sign  i  fioance,  *7n«  1 

use,  ys  3 
usual,  £A  2 

known,  nn,  2 

oiice,  tmj  2 

signilication  sijthn'l 

knows.  Hi  2 

one,  «7i  2 

signify,  grj  2 

Value,  t7  2 

Language,  ng  1 

one's,  u-iu  2 

similar -it  y,  sm  3 

Tcry,  V  2 

large, j  1 

oi>eii,  >>n  2 

simple,  tnip  2 

view,  IT  3 

larg.  ly,  ^7  1 

opinion,  »in  3 

singular,  »«(/  3 

Wane,  un  2 

larger,  /;•  1 

opportunity  jtri  2 

sit,  si  (stroke  s 

want,  ten/  1 

latter,  ilr  1 
law,  /  1 

or,  r  (down)  1 

half  length)  3 

ward,  w/d  1 

order,  rdr  1 

so,  <  2 

warning,  tern  1 

law^,  Li  1 

other,  Ihr  2 

some,  tm  2 

was,  z  2 

learn,  Im  2 

ought,  /  1 

soon,  sn  3 

way,  w  2 

Jearnt,  Imt  2 

our,  r  (down)  3 

sound,  tnd  3 

we,  t  1 

le.s,  /,•  2 

ours,  n  (down)  3 

sour,  «r  (down)  3 

wear,  jrr  2 

In,  //  2 

ourselves,  rw  3 

speak,  tp  3 

weighed,  trd  2 

Utt.r,  /.'r2 

out,  /  3 

spiiit,  fprt  2 

weight,  «/  2 

li-l.t,  R  1 

over,  rr  1 

strength,  «//•  2 

well,  ul  2 

line,  lit  1 

owe,  1  1 

strorg,  *//■   1 

went,  tm/  2 

loan,  //»  2 

Part,  ]>rt  1 

subject,  sb  2 

were,  trr  2 

long,  717  1 

particular,  prl  1 

subjection,  sbshni 

what,  5  1 

long  "r,  jijrr  1 

Ptjon<.gr»i>liy,/rt2 

such,  «<•/<  2 

when,  irn  1 

LfnJ,  /  t?  1 

ple;isuie  zUr  'I 

sure,  «/(/•  2 

wliencc,  tens  1 

losi?,  fa  3 

principal,  pr  i 

Tell,  11  2 

wheie,  «T  2 

Mad,  tnl  1 

possible- y,  px  1 

temptation,  /jAn  2 

which,  eA  2 

luaiie,  «)(/  2 

practice,  pr  1 

time,  /  1 

while,  \cl  1 

man,  ni;j  1 

practiced,  )rrsl  1 

times,  Is  1 

who,  /  2 

matter,  intr  1 

principle,  y  2 

than,  /An  1 

whom,  »i  3 

may,  »»  2 

put,  p  3 

thank,  Ih.  1 

whose,  ^  2 

me,  m  2 

Question,  /»  2 

that,  /A<  1 

why,  ie  1 

member,  fcr  2 

quite,  kitl  1 

the,  .  2 

will,  (verb)  I  2 

men,  mvj  2 

Itither,  »<«/•  2 

their,  thr  2 

will  (noun)  ul  3 

met,  Hit  2 

real,  )/  2 

them,  </<  2 

wind,  iind  2 

might,  t;i/  1 

reference,  »/  2 

thenu-elvcs,    thss  2 

wine,  tr»  1 

miiiil,  niiid  1 

religious,  j*  2 

then,  /An  2 

with,  c  2 

mine,  m/i  1 

rely,  rl  1 

there,  /A;-  2 

within,  thn  3 

Miss,  ms  2 

reiuember-ed,  6r  2 

these,  thi  3 

without,  /A/  2 

misse<l,  mst  3 

lise,  »•*  (up)  1 

they,  /A  2 

won't,  tr?)/  2 

more,  »7ir  1 

rouse,  rs  (ui>)  3 

thing,  ni  2 

word,  u-'d  2 

mother,  mllir  1 

rule-«l,  rid  3 

think,  /A  2 

world,  t-A/  2 

Mr.,  »((r  2 

Simple,  imp  1 

thinl,  /Art/  2 

worn,  irrn  2 

Mrs.  7)1  r«.     2 

sat,    si    (stroke  *, 

this,  tits  2 

would,  3  2 

muL-h.  ch  1 

half  length)   1 

those,  /A«  1 

wound,  «•)«/  3 

my,  HI  1 

satisfy,  */  1 

though,  Ih  1 

Year,  «  2 

myself,  fiu  1 

saw,  <  1 

thought,  /A/  1 

yes,  yj  2 

Nation,  »w/i/»  2 

Scripture,  ikr  2 

three,  Ihr  2 

yet,  w2 

nature,  »i/  2 

seal,  */,  3 

through,  thr  3 

you,  ~  2 

near,  nr  2 

secret,  skrl  2 

throw,  /Ar  2 

your,  y  2 

neither,  n/Ar  2 

see,  *  3 

till,  a  3 

yous,  t;i  2 

next,  nst  2 

seen,   *n  2 

to,  V  2 

yourself.  t,M  3 

night,  «/  1 

send,  ind  2 

together,  y/Ar  2 

yourselves,  yss  3 

no,  n  2 

sent,  tnt  2 

told,  lid  2 

youth,  /A  3 

r 

11'^  ECLECTIC   JIAXLAE 


WlilTING  EXERCISE  ON    IMPROVEJIEXT. 

The  following,  in  the  construction  of  sentences  for  the  employment 
of  all  the  word-signs,  was  furnished  for  an  early  edition  of  Phonog- 
raphy by  the  Rev.  John  Hope,  an  English  clergyman.  It  should  be 
written  and  re-written,  until  every  word  can  be  put  upon  paper 
without  hesitation.  The  words  connected  by  hyphens  should  be 
written  as  jdirases,  without  lifting  the  pen. 

Establishments  for  improvement  and-for  knowledge  in- 
gencrul,  are  important  things  in-a  government ;  and  the  more 
so  where  it-is  visual  with-them  to  acknowledge  good  principles. 
A-Phonographic  organization  in  particular,  is-an  immediate 
advantage  to-every  gentleman,  lady,  or  child,  who  is-a  mem- 
ber of-it,  and  to  all.  According  to  general  opinion,  Phonog- 
raphy is-a  subject  we  could,  and  thould  have  pleasure  in; 
without  it,  language  is-not  quite  what  it-shoukl-be — a  remark 
in-which  there-is  great  truth,  and  to-which  I-think-there  can- 
be  no  objection.  Again,  every  one  who-has  thoughts  which- 
are  dear  to-him,  or  important  to-the  world,  is  called-upon  to- 
care  for-them  and  improve  them,  to-the  full,  when-he-has 
opportunity.  How,  or  on  what  principle  can-we  be  good 
without  improvement.  Eemember,  that-it-is  thought  that 
every-thing  is-an  object  of-importance  that  ccmes  under-it ; 
and,  beyond  all,  that-the  sure  word  of-the  Lord  God  was  given 
for  improvement.  Should  there-be  difficulties  in-tl;e-way  of- 
your  improvement,  and  of-the  subjection  of-your  nature  to 
God's  truth,  then  1  call-upon  you,  Avhile  you-can  improve,  to- 
do-so.  After  what  I-have  told-you,  are-there  yet  objections 
to-it.  Were  there,  an  account-of-them  would  already  have- 
been  given.  Great  and  good  things  can-not  come  together 
without  improvement.  But  should  I-be-told  that-it  migbt- 
have-been  so,  from  what  1  know  of-the  friendly  spirit  of-all, 
I  tell-you-the  truth  is-as  I-have  given  it,  nor  can-you  object 
to-it.  In-short,  gentlemen  and  ladies,  you  ought-to  establish 
it  as-your  first  principle,  that-you  will  not  give  up;  but-as 
you-have  opportunity,  Avhy  not  do  ail-that  can-be-done 
towards  improvement  in  every-thing  in-this-world ;  and 
should  it-be  done  well,  you-will  give  pleasure  not  to-me  alone, 
but  to  all. 


OF   PHOXOGKAPHY. 


119 


EXERCISE  OX    IMPROVEMENT. 

For  a  l:aj  to  this  Exercise,  in  common  printing,  see  page  118. 

\ux  ^..c...^.-r:T/--  -%,-x---X3 — 5.:r:...^...,..a._:„„ 


, '> >-S NX V. 


(T,  ^. ^... 


^...^..,_.^....r:i...-  ..^.;....b_-^.A.,  :> 


lii^O  ECLECTIC    MANUAL 


PIIKAwSEOGRAPHY. 

Phonograpliers  who  look  forward  to  reporting,  either  pro- 
fessioually  or  for  their  own  satisfaction,  should  at  once  begin 
to  cultivate  reporting  habits,  by  the  use  of  phraseography, 
♦^^hatis,  the  running  of  words  together  without  lifting  the  pen. 
This  principle  was  introduced  in  g53,  where  the  pupil  was 
taught  to  write  of -the,  to-the,  in-(i,for-a,  if -he,  lie-may,  etc.  It 
is  applied  to  the  writing  of  all  words  of  frequent  occurrence, 
and  that  generally  come  together  in  clauses  or  phrases;  as 
\^  I-have,  j^  you-will,  ^'-^  as-good-as,  ^  as-well-as, 
I there-can-be,        '^^-^_^^^a       there-are-many-things. 

186.  In  order  to  keep  phrases  from  running  too  far  below 
the  line,  it  is  allowable  to  abbreviate  word-signs,  and  some- 
times entirely  change  their  representation;  thus  \  been  is 
repi'csented  by  the  hook  alone  in  such  phrases  as:  \^  I-have- 
heen,  'X^  you-havs-bccii,  )  tftere-have-been ;  (^  tlian  ia  represented 
by  the  hook  alone,  in  \^/^  bctter-than,  p_^  grcater-than ; 
°  cs  and  is  change  to  )  2,  in  such  phrases  as  )  (z-t)  as-it, 
)  is-ii,  )  as-it-was,  )  is-it-not;  and  s  to  is  represented  by 
writing  the  preceding  sign  iialf-length,  indicating  t  for  to; 
as  ^    ahlc-to-do,  \^-^  ablc-to-makc. 

137.  In  such  phrases  as  U  it-is-sjid,  Q_S>  as-soon-as,  the  double 
circle  indicates  the  repeating  of  s,  after  is  and  as,  in  the  follow- 
ing word.      The  loop -ry  sir,  represents  as-thcre,^  is-thcrt^^ 

188.  The  first  word  in  a  phrase  must  always  be  written  in  its 
own  proper  position,  that  is,  in  the  first,  second  or  third 
position,    with    reference    to    the   line    of    writing;    thus: 

\  can-be,  — ^--^  could-not-be,  ^^  of-our.  'After  the  first 
word  is  written,  hov/ever,  the  succeeding  words  may  be  writ- 


OF    PIIOXOURAPHY.  121 


ten  out  of  position;  as  »^ you-can,  1       it-is-not,  \      I-have- 

had.  A  first-position  word-sign,  in  a  phrase,  may  be 'slightly 
raised  or  lowered,  to  indicate  the  position,  (and  the  word)  of 
the  next  sign;  thus:    j  I-luicl,  vi  I-do ;  J  I had-not, sg   I-did-not. 

DOUBLE-LENGTH  CURVES. 
189.    The  double-length   curved   strokes,    which  represent 
the  addition  of  tr  or  thr  to  the  single-length  strokes,  with  the 
5-circle  and  n-hook  added,  afford  a  useful  series  of  phrases : 

V^   for-their,   \^^    for-there-is,   V^    for-their-own. 
V^^    if-their,       \^^      if-there-is,    V^^^  if-their-own. 
\^  from-there,  V/_    from-their-own,    \^^   farther-than. 
V^^       have-their,    V^^^   have-there-been,  (or,  own.) 

^^  over-there,    \^^    over  their  own. 

(  think-there,   (    think-there  is,    (   think-their-own. 

(  though-thcrc,     (  though-there-is,  Ah'-other-one. 
saw-their,    )  saw-their-own;  see-their-own. 


)  was-there,    j  was-their-own ;    was-there-an. 

(     lighter-than ;   later-than;   lay-their-own. 

b    siighter-than ;  saltier-than. 

1 
_y  show-their,  wish-their,  shall-there. 

\  whiter,    ^N    whiter-than,  wider-than, 

^^^—^  may-there,  x — ^  may-their-own. 

^ — \  some-other,  ^ — -s^  some-other-one. 

\.^^  another,   V_^   another-one;   neither-one. 

^^ ^  longer,   ^^ ^  longer-than;  younger-than. 


r. 


122  ECLECTIC    MAXUAL 

190.  In  such  phrases  as  if-there-are,  though-there-are,  know- 
there-are,  the  curved  stroke  is  written  treble-length,  to  indi- 
cate the  addition  of  are. 

191.  Some  writers  hold  that  the  n-hook  should  be  read  be- 
fore  the  addition  of  tr  and  thr;  tlius :    V^  fainter,  or  fan- 

their,    \^^^   vender,   V ^  known-their,     J  shown-their.      Eut 

as  in    V       ftr,   ^ ^  nthr^  etc.,  the  tr  and  thr  are  represented 

by  the  additional  length  of  the  curves,  we  hold  that  it  is 
philosophical,  when  the  n-hook  is  added,  to  add  the  sound  of 
the  hook  to  the   tr,  and  thr,    and  read  tlie   signs  V^  ftr-n, 

V JP  nthr-n,  etc.    To  do  otlierwise,  would  take  from  us  most 

of  the  above  very  frequent  and  useful  phrases,  and  we  would 
gain  nothing  to  compare  with  their  loss. 

192.  Doubling  the  length  of  straight  strokes,  with  an 
n-hook,  for  the  addition  of  tr  and  thr,  &s\hn-thr,  ^kn-thr, 
as  practiced  by  some  writers,  is  unphilosophical  and  objec- 
tionable on  many  accounts. 

193.  Omission  of  "Of-the." — The  frequently  recurring 
phrase  "o/-</ie"  is  significantly  represented  by  writing  the 
Avords  between  which  it  occurs  near  to  each  other,  thus  show- 
ing by  their  proximity  that  the  one  is  of  the  other;  as: 
(^^X      love  of  the  beautiful,  \^\        subject  of  the  work. 

194.  Omission  of  "To." — Many  American  writers  omit  the 
word  to  nearly  altogether,  and  indicate  that  it  is  to  be  read 
by  beginning  the  following  word  below  the  line  of  writing, 
that  is  below  Avhere  to  would  be  placed  if  it  were  writ- 
ten; thus:  X  to-be,  I  to  do,  y^  to  write.  It  has  never 
received  the  sanction  of  the  author  of  Phonography,  (except 
in  the  phrase  to  he,  in  which  it  is  impossible  to  make  an  angle 
between  to  and  fee,)  and  is  not  used  by  the  best  English  re- 
porters.    There   is  very  little  gain  in  it,  and  much  loss  in 


OF   IHOXOGEAPHY.  123 


many  words,  by  the  i)eii  being  carried  so  far  below  the  line. 

195.  The  words  the,  a,  by,  after,  etc.,  and  occasional  syllables, 
are  omitted,  for  the  sake  of  making  ea.sy  phrases;  thus: 
'^—O'  in-the-worJd,  \n__  for~the-sake-of,  V^  for-instance, 
^  day-by-day,  1 1  day-ti/ter-day,  ||  from  day  to  J  day,  j|  from- 
time-to-iime. 

196.  HooKixQ  OF  Dash  Wokd-Signs. — In  the  "Hand. 
Book  of  Phonography,"  by  Andrew  J.  Graham,  a  scheme  of 
writing  the  small  hooks  to  all  the  dash  word-signs,  is  pre- 
sented.   They  are  used  to   form  phrases;     thus:    ^  of   all, 

R  to-all,  r  but-all,  P  should-all;  "^  of-our,  \  to-our,  n  but-our, 
'1  should-our,  ^  to-have,  u  but-have,  <f  ehould-have,  ^  and- 
have,  I-have^  all-have,  ^  oit{/ht-to-have,  6  who-have; />  who-unll, 
&.C.,  &c.  Other  signs,  of  course,  are  attached  to  these  to 
represent  additional  words  in  longer  phrases;  as:  r  of-all- 
these,  '\^  ofour-principles,  *\  ought-to-have-becn.  The  use  of 
this  whole  scheme  cannot  be  recommended ;  the  forms  re- 
quire too  much  care  in  writing,  to  be  legible,  and  where  the 
alphabetic  signs  will  join  together  they  may  be  more  freely 
written,  and  will  not  be  confounded  with  the  hooked  half- 
length  strokes.  A  few  of  them,  such  as  "^  of-all,  <^  to-all, 
C  should-have,  L  but-have,  ought-to-have,  and  ^  I-have,  may 
sometimes  be  used  to  advantage. 

The  foregoing  constitute  the  leading  principles  governing 
the  formation  of  phraseograms.  There  is  scarcely  any  limit 
to  the  extent  to  which  they  may  be  used.  On  the  following 
page  we  give  a  list  of  those  generally  employed  in  ordinary 
writing.  They  should  be  studied  and  copied  in  connection 
with  the  key;  then  read  without  the  aid  of  the  key,  by  cov- 
ering it  with  a  strip  of  paper;  and  finally  you  should  write 
them,  over  and  over  again,  by  having  some  one  read  them 
aloud  to  you,  until  you  can  form  them  without  hesitation. 


12-i 


ECLECTIC     MANUAE 


^-f^      A  few  words 
r         a  great  deal 

f  a  short  time 
X^^ — V —    able  to  make 
X) — about  such 

about  which  it  is  not 


LIST  OF  COMMON  PHRASES 


"about  which  you  arc 


■>t: 

_!b all  that  is 


fp all  that  is  said 

>  r 

Vv^ all  that  has  been 

...._C^ all  that  you 

(- and  all  that 

\^^.__and  as  if  there 

."X— and  as  it  is  not 

--( and  as  to  that 


.and  is  not 

id  though  there  is 


jr^v^.....and  whenever  there  is 


_S^.. as  far  as 

o-£>      as  great  as 


as  long  as 


G 

Q— R        as  soon  as  possible 

)  s 


as  it  could  not  be 
as  it  may  b« 

<         as  it  was 


J 


at  all  times 
at  once 

at  their  own  instance 
at  the  same  time 
because  it  is 
(j       Because  of  its 
\    /      because  they  were 
\'^^     by  all  means 
by  all  that  is 
by  means  of 
by  their  own 
Can  it  bo 


i 


can  there  bo 
can  there  not  be 

could  not  be 

Do  you  mean 

do  their  duty 

does  not  this 

did  you  give  them 

Every  person 

every  one_^ 

everything  else 

For  my  part 


^-^    rv      for  the  purpose  of 
S-  JL^  for  t*»i 


lis  reason 


OF   PHONOGRAPHY. 


125 


/y^        Gentlemen  of  the  jury 
^^^"^    give  me  the 
I         give  them  the 
^         give  their  time 
^        give  their  attention 
\J  Had  there  been 

had  there  not  been 

he  can  be 
S^       he  can  not  bo 

he  could  not  have  been 

he  has  been 

he  has  not  been 

he  would  not  have  been 

how  are  you 

how  cuuld  you 

how  many  of  them 

I  admit 

I  am  glad 

I  am  sure  of  it 

T  am  inclined  to  think 

(  am  very  glad 

I  believe  that 

I  do  not  know 

I  do  not  think 

I  expect 

I  fear  you  will  have 


have  been 

have  not  been 

have  said 

have  their  own 

hope  you  are  satisfied 

hope  you  will  have 

know  they  will 

may  as  well 

may  be  told 

may  not  be  there 

might  not  bo 

must  be 

never 

shall  be  able  to 

think  it  is  impossible 

think  there  is 

will  be  sure 

will  not  be  there 

wish  there 

ever  there  is 

ever  you  are 

it  be 
it  be  not 
it  is  not 
it  is  said 
there  is  to  be 


f  126 


ECLECTIC    MANUAL 


"--^X/\> 


"^Ks, 


n  all  particulars 

n  all  respects 

n  as  much  as 

n  consequence 

n  my  opinion 

n  reference  to 

n  regard  to 

n  relation  to 

n  respect  to 

n  the  first  place 

n  the  next  place 

n  the  second  place 

n  this  country 

n  your  place 

n  your  opinion 

s  not 

s  this  not 

s  it  not 

3  it  not  better 

s  it  not  possible 

t  could  not  bo 

t  has  been 

t  is  impossible 

t  is  most  important  that 

t  is  my  opinion 

t  is  necessary  that 


P  it  is  said  that 

Oj  it  is  well  known 

J— jj — ^  it  seems  to  me 

L^  it  will  be  said 

<  it  will  not  be 

Ij^  it  would  not  be 

ff~^  Just  as  good  as 

'^  just  been 

(y  just  as  well  as 

J°  Ladies  and  gentlemen 

I  less  than 

^0  let  us  be  sure 

/  ^Manner  in  which 


-^ 


many  circumstancs 
many  think 
C-,     may  not  have  been 

V_    might  not  have 
y_^     Mr.  Chairman 
'^^'Nfi  5Ir.  President 

more  and  more  - 
most  likely 
much  more 
'^'~bi        must  have  been 
I  my  dear  brother 
my  dear  friend 
my  dear  sir 


X 


V... 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


127 


i 


V 

V 


V^ 


Neither  of  thc:u 

Xew  York  City 

no  such  thing 

not  only 

Of  course  it  is 

of  course  it  must  be 

of  which 

of  which  it  might  be 

of  great  advantage 

of  some  kind 

of  those  who  are 

of  which  you  are 

on  account  of 

on  the  contrary 

on  their  part 

on  this  account 

on  this  side 

on  this  occasion 

on  the  one  hand 

ought  not  to  think 

ought  not  to  have 

ought  to  be  done 

out  of  the  way 

over  and  over 

Peculiar  circumstances 

point  of  view 


Quite  likely 
quite  certain 
Kail  road 
railroad  station 
railway 
rather  than  bo 
rather  than  give 
rather  than  have 
/  VD  render  themselves 

^    \/S^  reporting  stylo 
^~?>v      Seems  to  be 
^^^-^     Senate  of  the  U.  S. 

\        shall  be 
<Ov         shall  not  bo 
r^         shall  have 
— ^^^V^- — should  be  able  to 
..-.^C^:>s^-— should  not  be 

^ should  have  been 

J  80  as  to  be 

^y so  as  to  givo 

l^^~^     60  that  you  may 
so  there  may  bo 
C"^^»_fi    something  has  been 
/y^      such  a  man 
<7^        such  as  are 
cr —        such  as  can 


128 


ECLECTIC    MANUAL 


That  has  been 
that  it  is 

that  is  not  necessary 
that  it  may  be 
that  there  are 
that  which  has  been 
that  you  are 
there  can  be 
therefore  you  will 
there  has  been 
there  is  another 
there  is  no  objection 
there  must  always  be 
there  sceius  to  be 
there  are  some 
they  may  as  well 
they  may  not  be 
they  will  most  likely 
this  is  a  matter 
this  is  not 
this  question 
those  who  are 
those  who  have 
to  be  sure 
to  be  there 
to  be  worthy 


to  do  something 

to  some  extent 
to  which  you  aro 
Was  it 
was  not 

was  there  not 

5, 

we  do  not  know 

J^.. 

we  did  not  know 

-A.-. 

we  did  not  think 

-t 

we  have  been 

u 

we  think  there  may  be 

^ 

'^^ 

wo  arc  not 
we  are  rather 
we  are  ready 
we  may  bo 

o^^ 

we  might  not  be 

t^ 

we  were 

i^ 

we  were  there 

r\ 

we  will  be 

^ 

we  will  be  sure 
we  will  try 

c^ 

were  I 

cy\ 

were  they 

iy^ 

were  there  not 

^ 

were  wo 

iy^ 

were  j'ou 

OF  PHOXOr.llAPIIY. 


11:9 


\^^     V    who 


d^ 


pro  aro  thr;, 
where  arc  wo 
L/     ^-y      where  can  it 
(y  where  will  they 

where  shall 
what  are  you 
\      what  can  bo 
>v       what  cannot  bo 
^  what  shall  be 

V.^    when  have  you 
^      whenever  there  is 

when  there  13 
"^^   when  there  has  been 
when  we  liavo 
when  we  were 

J —     which  are 

l^      which  are  now 

l_ which  can  bo 

o^         which  ha-s  been 

_./' which  it  is  not 

^  which  would  have  been 

yiL  which  may  not  be 

X which  you  could 

/  which  will  be 

I—. which  will  make 

X         which  will  not  bo 


r^ 


r^ 


while  there  is 
while  we  are 
while  you  are 
who  aro 
who  aro  not 
who  can  bo 
who  has  been 
who  have  boea 
who  is  it 
who  was  it 
who  will  not  bo 
who  would  not  be 
will  bo  found 
will  yon  bo 

..with  which 

_with  which  there 

_with  me 
with  reference  to 
with  respect  to 
would  become 
would  have  been 
You  aro 
you  are  not 
you  will  be  sure 
you  must  be 
you  must  not  be 


r^ 


ECLECTIC     MANUAL 


CONCERNING    CONVERSATION. 

For  a  Kty  to  this  article,  see  follmving  opposite  pages. 

^ \  Q>  -        ^^  ^         \         >- 


1 


^  L 


^   ^'  ^ '  ^  "  "I 


OF   PHONOGRAPHY.  131 


CONCERNING  CONVERSATION. 

BY    DUC    DE   LA   ROCHFOUCAULD. 

To  be  ivriftcn  in  Shorthand,  and  Compared  with  the  Opposite  Page. 

1.  The  reason  why  so  few  persons  are  agreeable  in  conver- 
sation is,  that  each  thinks  more  of  wliat  he  desires  to  say,  than 
of  what  others  say,  and  that  we  make  bad  listeners  when  we 
want  to  speak. 

2.  Yet  it  is  necessary  to  listen  to  those  who  talk ;  we  should 
give  them  the  time  they  want,  and  let  them  say  even  senseless 
things. 

3.  Never  contradict  or  interrupt  them;  on  the  contrary, 
we  should  enter  into  their  mind  and  taste,  illustrate  their 
meaning,  praise  anything  they  say  that  deserves  praise,  and  let 
them  see  we  praise  more  from  our  choice  than  from  agreement 
with  them. 

4.  To  please  others  we  should  talk  on  subjects  they  like, 
and  that  interest  them:  avoid'  disputes  upon  indifferent 
matters,  seldom  ask  questions,  and  never  let  them  see  that 
we  pretend  to  be  better  informed  than  they  are. 

5.  We  should  talk  in  a  more  or  less  serious  manner,  and 
upon  more  or  less  abstruse  subjects,  according  to  the  temper 
and  understanding  of  the  persons  we  talk  with,  and  readily 
give  them  the  advantage  of  deciding  without  obliging  them 
to  answer  when  they  are  not  anxious  to  talk. 

6.  After  having  in  this  way  fulfilled  the  duties  or"  polite, 
ness,  we  can  speak  our  opinions  to  our  listeners  when  we  find 
an   opportunity  without  a  sign  of  presumption. 


/   1S-7 


132 


ECLECTIC     JfANUAL 


CONCERNING    CONVERSATION,  CONTINUED. 


c_o      l^-Q 


—  .1 


'     C      )•  >. 


OF  PHOXOGRAPUY.  133 


CON'CERXIXG   CONVERSATIOX,  COXTIXCED. 

7.  Above  all  things  we  should  avoid  often  talking  of  our- 
selves and  giving  ourselves  as  an  example ;  nothing  is  more 
tiresome  than  a  man  who  quotes  himself  for  everything. 

8.  We  can  not  give  too  great  study  to  find  out  the  manner 
and  the  capacity  of  those  with  whom  we  talk,  so  as  to  join  in 
the  conversation  of  those  who  have  more  than  ourselves,  with- 
out hurting  by  this  preference  the  wishes  or  interests  of  others. 

9.  Then  we  should  modestly  use  all  the  modes  above  men- 
tioned to  show  our  thoughts  to  them,  and  make  them,  if  possi- 
ble, believe  that  we  take  our  ideas  from  them. 

10.  "We  should  never  say  anything  with  an  air  of  authority, 
nor  show  any  superiority  of  mind. 

11.  "\Vc  should  avoid  far-fetched  expressions,  expressions 
hard  or  forced,  and  never  let  the  words  be  grander  than  the 
matter. 

12.  It  is  not  wrong  to  retain  our  opinions  if  they  are  rea- 
sonable, but  we  should  yield  to  reason  wherever  she  appears, 
and  from  whatever  side  she  comes. 

13.  Reason  alone  should  govern  our  opinions;  we  should 
follow  her  without  opposing  the  opinions  of  others,  and  with- 
out seeming  to  ignore  what  they  say. 


13-1  ECLECTIC     MAXUAE 

CONCERNING   CONVERSATION,  CONTINUED. 

I    -  )•  u 

^_ . ^ 


OF   PHOXOGRAPIIY.  loO 


CONCERNING   CONVERSATION,  CONTINUED. 

14.  It  is  dangerous  to  seek  to  be  always  the  leader  of  the 
conversation,  and  to  push  a  good  argument  too  hard,  when  we 
have  found  one. 

15.  Civility  often  hides  half  its  understanding,  and  when 
it  meets  with  an  opinionated  man  who  defends  the  bad  side, 
spares  him  the  disgrace  of  giving  way. 

16.  We  are  sure  to  displease  when  we  speak  too  long  and 
too  often  of  one  subject,  and  when  we  try  to  turn  the  conversa- 
sation  upon  subjects  that  we  think  more  instructive  than  others. 

17.  We  should  enter  indifferently  upon  every  subject  that 
is  agreeable  to  others,  stopping  where  they  wish,  and  avoiding 
all  they  do  not  agree  with. 

18.  Every  kind  of  conversation,  however  witty  it  may  be, 
is  not  equally  fitted  for  all  clever  persons;  Ave  should  select 
what  is  to  their  taste  and  suitable  to  their  condition,  their  sex, 
their  talents,  and  also  choose  the  time  to  say  it. 

19.  We  should  observe  the  place,  the  occasion,  the  terai)er, 
in  which  we  find  the  person  who  listens  to  us,  for  if  there  is 
much  art  in  speaking  to  the  purpose,  there  is  no  less  in  know- 
ing when  to  be  silent. 

20.  There  is  an  eloquent  silence  which  serves  to  approve 
or  to  condemn ;  there  is  a  silence  of  discretion  and  respect. 


13G 


ECLKCTIC     MANUAL 


CONCERNING  CONVERSATION,  CONCLUDED. 
<^-^  — 'c        D  -V^  •  \J^ —    L   *=^  ^ 


6^ 


^  ^  f,  ^  i;^  ^^  V>-  X  ^  ( 


\  >  > 


V 


)• 


-^> 


OF     PIIOXCKiRAPHY.  137 


COXCEliXrXG    CONVERSATION,  CONCLUDED. 

21.  In  a  word  there  is  a  tone,  an  air,  a  manner,  which 
render  everything  in  conversation  agreeable  or  disagreeable, 
refined  or  vulgar. 

22.  One  of  the  reasons  that  we  find  so  few  persons  rational 
and  agreeable  in  conversation  is,  there  is  hardly  a  person  who 
does  not  think  more  of  what  he  wants  to  say  than  of  his 
answer  to  what  is  said. 

23.  The  most  clever  and  polite  are  content  with  only 
seeming  attentive,  while  we  perceive  in  their  mind  and  eyes 
that  at  the  very  time  they  are  wandering  from  what  is  said 
and  desire  to  return  to  what  they  want  to  say. 

24.  Instead  of  considering  that  the  worst  way  to  persuade 
or  please  others  is  to  try  thus  strongly  to  please  ourselves,  and 
that  to  listen  well  and  to  answer  well  are  some  of  the  greatest 
charms  we  can  have  in  conversation. 

2').  It  is  oftener  by  the  estimation  of  our  own  feelings 
that  we  exaggerate  the  good  qualities  of  others  than  by 
their  merit,  and  when  we  praise  them  wc  wish  to  attract 
their  praise. 

26.  But  it  is  given  to  few  persons  to  keep  this  secret  well. 
Those  who  lay  down  rules  t(X>  often  break  them,  and  the  safest 
we  are  able  to  give  is,  to  listen  much,  to  speak  little,  and  to  say 
nothing  that  will  ever  give  ground  for  regret. 


American 

Phonetic  Alphabet. 

Each  letter  has  the  sound  of  the  italicised  letter 

or  letters 

VOTVELS. 

ill  the  illustrative  words. 

F.\-pLOt)ENTS. 

LeUer.   Sound.  JCame. 

Letter.  Sound.  Name. 

H    q  asi 

n  arm 

a 

Pp..    pole    pb 
B     b    .  .   ^owl    bl 

a    a   . 

ask 

a 

A     a    . 

.   air 

^ 

T      t    .  .  .   toe    \l 

A     a    . 

.  .     at 

a 

D    d    .  .  .  doe>    db 

B      G     . 

.   ale 

e 

G     Q    .  .  c//eer    qa 

?J     e    . 

earn 

e 

J      j    .  .    jeer    ja 

E     e    . 

.    ell 

e 

K   k    .  .    A-ing  ka 

L      I    . 

HAd 

t 

G    g    ,  .  ^ame  ga 

I       i    . 

.  fai 

i 

Continuants. 

9    o    . 
0     o    . 

.  .  or 
.  odd 

o 
o 

F    f    .  .  .  /ear    ef 
y    V    .  .    veer    vb 

Q   o    . 
U    u    . 
lUm    . 

oak 

o 

11    t    .  .  ;/<igh     it 

.    wp 

u 

J[    d    ...  ?/iy    da 
S      s    .  .    *eal     es 

true 

m 

U  u    .  .     tun 

u 

Z     z    .  .     zeal     zb 

Diphthongs. 

f      J    .  .  */*all     ij 

'I       i    ■  •  •  «ce 

i 

3     3    .    vision    ga 

a    a    .  .  .    oil 

a 

I-IQUIDS. 

If    •»    .  .  .  oicl 

TS 

Tl     r    .  .    ?are    ur 

IX    H    .  .  mule 

n 

L      1    .  .  .  /ull     el 

Semi-Vowels. 

Xasals. 

Y    y    .  .  .  yea 

ye 

If  m    .  .  maim  em 

W  w      .  .     uay 

we 

N   n    ,  .  7ione    en 

Breathing. 

T.r  ;)    .  .     Bing    ig 

n    h    ...  hay 

ha 

n  (/>.)  nearly  i) 

OF  PHOXOGRAPHY.  139 


WLIMANHUD. 


It  iz  not  trui,  az  liaz  ofn  bin  seel,  dat  everi  wuman  wonts  a 
mnster,  and  iz  az  i'orlorn  az  a  niosterles  dog.  It  iz  a  grat  dll 
triuer  dat  a  man  iz  az  i'orlorn  az  a  masteries  dog  hwen  no 
\vi  iinan  kj^rz  for  him.  l>uk  at  rte  homz  wimen  mak  for  dem- 
selvz;  hs  nit,  hs  brjt  and  kozi,  and  den  luik  at  dc  oltl  barjcl- 
or  denz.  AVimen  kan  get  aloi)  a  grot  dil  boter  bj  deniselvz 
dan  men  kan.  i  biliv  it  iz  wuman  hui  holdz  fat  in  li\s  wurld 
— it  iz  wuman  bthjnd  de  wol  kastii)  ol  on  de  fjr  dat  burn?, 
br^ter  and  br  jter.  ([is  wurld  liaz  ohvcz  bin  bizi  in  Jutir)  aid 
loUii)  everi  dor  frm  liwiq  a  wuman  kud  step  intu  welt*,  eks- 
ej)t  de  dor  ov  marij.  Bl  vigor  or  enerji,  suq  az  men  put  fort 
tu  obtan  dis  golden  kb  ov  Ijf,  iz  kondemd  and  skated  az  un- 
feminin,  and  a  wuman  ov  de  uper  klasez  hui  undertcks  tu 
get  weltbj  her  on  onest  egzerjon  or  industri  iz  kondemd  bj  n 
t'szand  vo-sez.  !Xirli  ol  wimen  wont  sumtii)  ov  djir  on.  'da 
wont  a  horn  ov  dqr  on,  da  wont  o  wurk  wurt  dmig,  and  da 
wont  muni  dat  da  kan  yuiz  az  da  jjUz,  dat  da  kan  giv  or  widhold 
and  dispoz  ov  az  absohjtli  dqrz.  and  not  anuder'z,  but  ol  dc 
wurid  simz  arcnjd  so  az  tu  hinder  a  wuman  from  getip  it. 

It  slmz  tu  ml  dat  sr  seks  iz  tnuf  wated  bj  nattir,  and  dnt, 
dqrfor,  ol  de  loz  and  institi|Jonzov  sosieti  ot  tu  akt  in  just  dc 
kontrori  direkjon,  and  tend  tu  hold  us  up — tu  wjden  «r  wg, 
tu  enkuraj  Tsr  eforts,  blkoz  wb  qr  dc  wiker  pqrti  and  nid  it 
most,  tic  wurld  iz  n>-  arGnjd  for  dc  strop,  and  j  tipk  it  ot  tu 
bb  rtaranjd  for  de  wik — for  doz  hiuz  Ijvz  burn  demselvz  ^t  in 
hw^t  ajez  in  salens  and  riprejon.  N^  it  aplrz  tu  mi  dat  de 
takig  for  granted  dat  ol  wimen,  widst  rlspekt  tu  tost  or  tem- 
perament, must  hav  no  sfer  or  opniij  for  dqr  fakultiz  eksept 
domestik  Ijf,  iz  az  grtit  an  absurditi  in  sr  modern  sivilizcjon 
az  dc  stupid  kustoni  ov  hqf-sivil  jzd  ncjonz  bj  hvviq  everi  sun, 
no  mater  hwothiz  karakter,  must  konfjn  himself  tu  de  trcd 
ov  hiz  fqder.  No  wuman  ot  tu  enter  marij  for  provijjon,  or 
stajon,  orsuport,  or  wurldli  pozijon,  but  simpli  and  onli  from 
dc  most  holi  afekjon.  And  m j  tiori  ov  l^f  wud  bS  tu  hav 
sos^eti  so  arcnjd  dat  wuman  wud  hav  everi  fasiliti  for  dbvel- 
opii)  her  miml  and  perfektii)  herself  dat  man  haz,  and  everi 
oportqniti  forakwjrip  and  holdii}  properti,  fer  sbkip-ii)  an  in- 
flqen.s,  pozijon  and  fam,  just  az  man  duz. 

if  loz  qr  tu  muk  eni  diferens  bttwin  de  tra  seksez,  da  ot  tu 
help  and  not  hinder  dc  Wbker  pqrti.  tlen  a  man  mjt  fbl  dat 
hiz  w^t' kam  tu  him  from  de  purest  and  hjest   kj^nd  ov   luv — 


140  ECLECTIC  MAXUAE 


not  drivn  tu  him  az  a  refiij — struglii)  and  strjvii)  tu  brii]  her 
mjiid  tu  him  hllcoz  Jb  must  marl  sumbodi ;  hut  Cjuizii)  him  in- 
teiijentli  and  frtli  bbkoz  hb  iz  de  wun  mor  t\x  hi-r  dan  el  de 
wurld  bisidz.  (1  siiplrior  wuman,  gifted  wid  personal  atrak- 
Jonz,  hm  iz  forgetiT)  herself  in  de  entiiziazm  ov  sum  kolii]  or 
profejon,  never  bbkumz  an  old  mod — Jb  duznot  wider — Jb  ad- 
vansez  az  Ijf  goz  on,  and  ofn  kips  htr  qqrmz  logger  dan  de 
matron,  egzosted  bj  famili  kq^rz  and  muderhud.  If  ym  apil 
in  dis  mater  ov seks,  6^r  iz  de  ttmal  elunent  in  grand,  p-seiful 
formz,  az  wel  az  in  jentl  and  dt pendent  wunz.  cle  fbnifll  Ijon 
and  tjger  qr  mor  terihl  and  untamabl  dan  de  mGl.  Grlk  mifi- 
olqji  woz  a  perfekt  riflekfon  ov  nGtijr.  It  didnt  fit  everi 
wuman  for  wun  tjp,  but  klodd  wuman  wid  majesti  and  p^er, 
az  wel  az  gros.  Minerva  iz  klad  in  silestyal  qrmor,  lidig  de 
forsez  ov  de  Grbks  tu  batl.  ili\r  iz  vigor  in  dq^r  impersonejon 
ov  Diana,  de  wuman  strog  in  herself,  skornii)  f  izikal  pa  Jon,  and 
teribl  in  her  radient  bqli;  self-sufijent,  viktorius,  and  kcpabl 
ov  a  grand,  frb  Ijf  ov  her  on,  not  nidii)  tu  dbpend  on  man. 
tia  olso  had  dqr  plump  litl  Afrod^t,  and  dqr  god-ljk  Vlnus; 
and  dj^r  woz  d^r  .Jqno,  ds  hssktper  and  domestik  kwbn.  In 
Jort,  dg  Gvtks  konsivd  a  varjeti  ov  sfbrz  for  wumanhud,  but 
wb  in  modern  t^mz  hav  rldnst  el  tu  wun — dc  vju  dat  twjnz; 
az  if  dqr  wer  not  fimol  oksand  pj.nz  az  wel  az  mal.  It  teks 
ol  sorts  ov  pbpl  til  male  upde  wurld,  and  dqr  ot  tu  bb  provi,7,on, 
tolerGjon  and  frb  kors  tu  el  sorts.  Pbpl  dont  rtal^z  hwot  it 
iz  tu  stqrv  fakultiz.  tIa  understand  fizikal  stqrvajon,  but  dc 
slo  fantii)  and  djig  ov  dtzira  and  kapabilitiz  for  wont  ov  eks- 
ersjz  iz  hwot  dti  diu  not  understand.  It  simz  tu  mb  that  wun 
oz  it  tu  God  and  de  wurld  tu  blkum  el  dat  wun  kan  bb,  and 
tu  dm  ol  dat  wun  kan  dui,  and  dat  a  bl^nd  and  unriznig  etor- 
iti  dat  forbidz  dis  et  tu  bb  rbzisted. 

i'  diu  not  tigk  de  koz  ov  wuman  wil  bb  advanst  in  dis  wurld 
az  muq  bj  mltin  tugerfer  and  tokig  abst  ii  az  bj_  iq  individi[al 
wuman  propozig  tu  herself  sum  gud  wurk  and  setig  abst  it 
pGjentli  and  kwjetli.  3e  Ijvz  ov  gi  rlz,  from  dc  t^m  da  Ibv 
skuil  til  de  da  ov  dq^r  marij,  Jud  not  bb  suq  a  west  az  it  iz  n-s. 
tic  gerlz  wil  l)Jir  bbig  mad  a  grat  dtl  mor  self-sustcnig  dan  da 
qr  or  ever  hav  bin.  i  am  not  dispozd  tu  insist  on  de  imldiet 
grantig  ov  politikal  rjts  tu  wuman.  i<  wud  a  grat  dll  rnder 
kum  tu  dat  bj  gradqal  evohijon  dan  bj  distruktiv  revoh|Jon. 
Wimen  et  not  tu  hav  dc  balot  until  dd  wil  dm  demselvz  kred- 
it  and  imprmv  sosjeti  bj  it.  i*  am  perfektli  wilig  tu  wat 
and  hav  it  kum  tu  dem  in  dc  WQ  and  at  de  tjm  dat  wil  bb 
best  for  dc  jeneral  gud. 


^MERICAJM      pHOJMETIC      5\330CIATIOJ^. 


Phonetic  Science  treats  of  the  sounds  of  human  speech,  their 
classification,  nomenclature,  and  representation  by  written  and  printed 
symbols. 

Tbe  American  Phonetic  Association  is  an  organization  of 
those  who  have  paid  more  or  loss  attention  to  this  important  branch  of 
knowledge,  and  who  are  especially  interested  in  that  application  of  Pho- 
netic science  exhibited  in  the  arts  of  Phonography,  Phonetic  Longhand 
and  Phonotypy,  originated  by  Isaac  Pitman  and  Alexander  John  Elus, 
of  England,  and  developed  to  their  present  state  of  comparative  perfection 
by  the  originators,  aided  by  the  co-operation  of  the  members  of  the  English 
and  American  Phonetic  Associations. 

Phonography  is  a  system  of  representing  the  sounds  of  language  by 
the  briefest  signs;  by  which  words  are  written  In  accordance  with  their 
correct  sounds  In  one-sixth  of  the  time  required  by  the  present  longhand. 

Phonetic  L-ongrhand  provides  script,  or  longhand  letters,  for  the 
representation  of  the  sounds  of  English  speech ;  all  the  useful  letters  of 
the  ordinary  script  alphabet  being  retained,  and  additions  made  for  those 
sounds  wliich  have  not  heretofore  been  provided  with  written  signs. 

Phonotypy,  or  Plionetic  printing,  provides  a  full  and  complete  alpha- 
bet of  printinglcttcrs  for  the  representation  of  the  sounds  of  the  English 
language.  All  the  letters  of  the  Roman  alphabet  (now  used  for  the  Eng- 
lish language),  are  employed,  except  c,  grand  x;  and  new  forms,  of  the 
Koman  type,  are  added  for  the  representation  of  the  twenty  single  and 
doublesounds(diphthongalglides)  which  in  the  existing  system  have  no 
proper  and  uniform  representation. 


ADVANTAGES    OF    THE    PHONETIC    ARTS. 

First,  A  brief  and  philosophical  Shorthand,  -whereby  speech  inaybe 
written  with  the  ease  and  speed  of  utterance ;— a  system  combining  more 
than  the  brevity  of  shorthand,  with  at  least  tlie  legibility  of  longhand. 

Secondly,  a  Phonetic  longhand  of  easy  acquirement,  especially  by 
those  whocan  Avrite  the  present  longhand,  by  which  speech  maybe  indi- 
cated with  pliilosophie  accuracy,  with  greater  distinctness,  but  less  briefly, 
than  by  Shorthand.  By  the  omission  of  silent  and  double  letters,  it  is  much 
briefer  than  ordinary  longhand 

Thirdly,  A  Printing  Alphabet,  by  the  use  of  which  children,  foreign- 
ers, and  uneducated  adults,  after  becoming  acquainted  with  the  powers  of 
the  forty-three  letters  of  the  complete  English  alphabet,  correctly  pro- 
nounce, and  read  with  ease  every  word  in  the  language.  Incidentally,  but 
not  unimportant  in  an  educational  view,  the  Phonetic  system  furnishes, 
as  has  been  proved  by  a  thousand  times  repeated  experiment,  the  easiest, 
speediest  and  pAasantest  aid  to  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  existing  sys- 
tem ; — an  efTect  due  to  the  general  resemblance  between  the  phonetic  and 
common  spelling.  The  acquirement  of  reading  by  the  Phonetic  method 
necessarily  includes  an  elocutionarj'  training  in  the  elementary  sounds, 
by  which  pupils  attain  an  accnracj'  and  distinctness  of  utterance  unknown 
to  those  whose  knowledge  of  sounds  has  been  confined  to  naming  the 
twenty-six  letters  of  the  Roman  alphabet. 

The  Deflciency  of  the  Roman  Alphabet  to  represent  the 
sounds  of  the  English  speech,  the  necessarj'  inconsistencies  in  English 
orthography  (so-called)^  and  the  consequent  difficulty  and  waste  of  time 
attending  the  acquirement  of  reading  and  spelling,  are  too  generally 
known  to  call  for  illustration  here.  Forproofs  of  the  philosophy  and  prac- 
ticability of  the  Phonetic  arts,  and  the  eminent  success  and  advantages 
attending  their  udoption,  the  inquirer  is  referred  to  the  various  works  pub- 
lished in  the  interests  of  this  reform. 

The  Object  of  the  American  Phonetic  Association  is  the 

union  and  co-operation  of  the  friends  of  Phonetic  writing  and  printing  in 
the  United  States,  the  Territories  and  British  I'rovinees,  for  the  encourage- 
ment and  spread  of  Phonetic  writing  and  printing.  The  Association  con- 
sists of  a  I*resident,  Secrctar>-,  Treasurer,  Council  and  members.  The  mem- 
bers are  divided  into  the  following  classes; — 


Class  1.  Phonographers  Avho  tench  the  arts  professional]}-  or  privately, 
and  who  arc  willing  to  answer  letters  of  inquiry,  or  letters  of  Phonogra-- 
pliers  soliciting  advioc  or  information  on  matters  connected  with  Phonog- 
raphy or  Phonetic  spelling. 

I'liiH!*  a.  Phonographers  who frcnerously  volunteer  to  correct  the  exer- 
cises of  learners,  through  the  nuiil. 

CInss  3.  Phonographers  who  do  their  utmost  to  spread  a  knowledge  of 
the  Phonetic  arts  in  private,  but  who  are  prevented  by  other  duties  from 
answering  letters,  or  attending  to  the  correction  of  exercises. 

Class  4.  Phoneticians  who  do  not  write  Phonography,  but  who  em- 
ploy phonetic  longhand  whenever  they  think  it  will  promote  an  interest 
in  the  subject. 

Class  5.   Honorary  members. 

Phonos;mph(>rs  of  either  class  who  write  at  the  rate  of  100  or  more 
words  per  minute,  are  indicated  by  the  abreviation  Rep.  (Reporter.) 

Phonog^raphcrs  who  wish  to  cultivate  a  correspondence  in  shorthand 
■with  members  of  kiiulrcd  sentiments,  arc  indicated  by  the  abbreviation 
Cor.  (Correspondent.) 

Honorary  Slembers  are  indicated  by  the  abbreviation  Hon. 

Phonos-rnphers  under  si.Kteen  years  of  age,  arc  indicated  by  the 
letters  Jr.  (Junior.) 

The  President,  Council  and  officers  are  elected  annually  by  the  members 
of  the  Association,  on  the  1st  of  January  of  each  year. 

The  Council  consists  of  fifty  (inclusive  of  the  President,  Secretary  and 
Treasurer),  of  those  who  are  regarded  as  the  most  intelligent,  earnest  and 
reliable  American  Phonographers  and  phoneticians,  to  whom  are  sub- 
mitted all  questions  of  doubt,  and  all  matters  of  theory  and  practice  on 
which  an  intelligent  opinion  maybe  desired,  but  ou  which  the  opinions 
of  Phonographers  might  be  divided.  The  Council  has  no  power  to  control 
the  action  of  any  memberof  the  Association,  nor  to  decide  the  fate  of  any 
measure;  but  consisting,  r.s  it  does,  of  the  collective  wisdom  of  the  Pho- 
netic Republic,  it  has  an  opinion  and  exercises  an  influence  which  Pho- 
liographers  are  disposed  to  respect. 

Persons  of  learning  and  distinction  to  be  requested  to  become  Honorary 
members.  Such  members  may  not  iu  all  cases,  be  familiar  with  the  details 
of  Phonetic  writing  and  printing,  but  being  convinced  of  the  advantages  to 
be  secured  by  the  adoption  of  the  Phonetic  arts,  lend  their  names  and  in- 
fluence to  further  their  extension.  Any  si.K  members  of  the  Council  have 
the  power  to  elect  any  Honorary  member. 

Phonographers  in  the  United  States,  the  Territories  and  British  Prov- 
inces, and  writers  of  Phonetic  huv^hhnd  (in  the  American  or  any  other 
alphabet),  are  eligible  for  membership  on  making  a  written  application. 
No  entrance  fee;  no  subscription.  Dona' ions  voluntary.  Jlenibership 
renewed  annually. 

Phonographers  and  Phoneticians  wishing  to  become  ntcmbers,  to  address 
the  Secretary,  stating  occupa'.iun  or  profession,  and  namiiig  tlie  Class  in 
which  they  desire  to  be  enrolled.         E.  LONG  LEY,  Secy,  Cincinnuli,  O. 


FORM  OF  APPLICATION  FOR  MEMBERSHIP 

IX   THE 

AMIRICAI  PIOKETIG  iSS( 


otOio 


.i8jg. 


To  THE  Secretary  of  the  A.  P.  A. : 

Dear  Sir — I  wish  to  become  a  member  of  the  American 
Phonetic  Association,  Class  (1,2,  or  3.) 

In  order  that  yuii  may  judge  of  my  quahfications,  I  enclose 
a  specimen  of  my  Phonographic  writing  (or  reporting,  as  the 
case  may  be.)  I  am  able  to  write  in  this  style  at  the  rate 
of  words  per  minute. 

(If  llie  applicant  is  not  practically  familiar  with  Pho- 
nography, he  or  she  will  enclose  a  specimen  of  Phonetic 
longhand  writing,  in  accordance  with  any  reformed  alphabet.) 

I  lierewilh  send,  also,  $ (or cts.,)  as  my  annual 

contribution  to  the  funds  of  the  Association,  for  which  you 
will  please  send  me  a  package  of  tracts  for  distribution,  and 
the  Annual  List  of  Members,  when  published,  in  January. 
EespectfuUy  yours, 

{Address  in  full,) 


EXPLANATORY  REMARKS. 

Although  the  Constitution  says,  "  Donations  voluntary,"  it  is  expected 
that  every  i.ieiuber  will  comribiilo  something  (and  nil  who  can  afloril  to, 
liberally),  tovvaids  paving  llie  exiienses  of  printing  and  distributing  the 
Annual  LiiiC  of  Members,  and  sueli  tracts  and  documents  as  are  necessary 
Ilif  currying  on  the  Ueform.  Tlie  publication  in  the  Puonktic  Euucatou 
of  the  names  and  postolHce  addresses  of  "  Phouo;j;raphers  wlio  teach  the 
art  i)rr>fc.>isionidly  or  privately,"  and  of  Reporters,  is  an  advertisement 
that  will  be  worth  to  them  more  than  the  amount  they  contribute.  Their 
names  will  first  appear  in  the  Ehicator,  as  soon  as  received  by  the  Kec- 
retary,  and  in  pam|)hlet  form  at  the  end  of  each  year. 

The  names  of  prominent  Teachers,  Professors,  Ministers,  Judges,  Gov- 
ernors, etc.,  should  be  solicited  by  the  friends  of  Phonetics.  They  may 
bo  sent  in  without  any  formal  applicalioii  on  their  part. 

July,  1879.  ^JblAS  LOXGLEY,  See. 


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